To counteract abiotic stress-induced devastating effects on plants, an imperative shotgun approach is the action of exogenously applied potential osmoprotectants such as proline. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of exogenous application of different concentrations of proline as foliar spray on growth, chlorophyll contents, gas exchange characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence and mineral ion accumulation of two eggplant cultivars viz., L-888 and Round grown under saline regimes. Fifty seven-day old plants were subjected for 15 days to varying levels of proline [0 (water spray), 10 and 20 mM] under control and saline (150 mM NaCl) conditions. Salt stress reduced growth, net CO2 assimilation rate (A), transpiration rate (E), water use efficiency (A/E), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), electron transport rate (ETR), efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), shoot and root K+ and Ca2+ ions, while increased sub-stomatal CO2 concentration (Ci) and Ci/Ca ratio while non-significant effect was observed on chlorophyll contents and photochemical quenching (qN) of both eggplant cultivars. However, exogenous application of proline counteracted the adverse effects of salt stress on shoot fresh weight, a/b, A/E ratio, E and shoot Na+ of both eggplant cultivars. Overall, proline was not effective in alleviating the undesirable effects of salt stress on morphological and physiological attributes of both eggplant cultivars under saline and non-saline regime.
Keywords: Salt stress, Proline, eggplant, mineral nutrients, gas exchange characteristics
1. Introduction
Most of the environmental constraints drastically influence plant growth and development that lead to reduction in crop yield (Cramer et al., 2011; Shahbaz et al., 20...
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... exchange characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence as well as Ca2+ and K+ ions of both eggplant cultivars, while in contrast, salt-induced increase was observed in the accumulation of Na+ ions as well as sub-stomatal CO2 concentration (Ci) and Ci/Ca ratio of both eggplant cultivars. Foliar-applied varying levels of proline remained ineffective in improving growth and photosynthetic attributes, inorganic nutrients (Na+, K+ and Ca2+) of both eggplant cultivars under control and saline regimes. However, exogenous application of proline (20 mM) counteracted the adverse effects of salt stress on shoot fresh weight, a/b, A/E ratio, E and shoot Na+ of both eggplant cultivars. Overall, proline was not effective in alleviating the undesirable effects of salt stress on morphological and physiological attributes of both eggplant cultivars under saline and non-saline regime.
Two members of the group were instructed to visit the laboratory each day of the experiment to water and measure the plants (Handout 1). The measurements that were preformed were to be precise and accurate by the group by organizing a standardized way to measure the plants. The plants were measured from the level of the soil, which was flat throughout all the cups, to the tip of the apical meristems. The leaves were not considered. The watering of the plants took place nearly everyday, except for the times the lab was closed. Respective of cup label, the appropriate drop of solution was added to the plant, at the very tip of the apical meristems.
The goal of the experiment was to determine if green light had less ability to absorb than red light in spinach leaves. This was done by separating the photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotene and xanthophylls) from one another using paper chromatography. The separated pigments were then analyzed for their absorption spectrum using a spectrographometer. When the data was graphed it clearly showed the higher rate of red light absorption over green light. These results along with previous research indicate the importance of red light in photosynthesis and the minor role green light plays.
Each plant species has a unique pattern of resource allocation that is genetically determined but not fixed. Plants can adjust there allocation pattern when they experience different environments and the presence of other species. Phenotypic plasticity goes hand in hand with resource allocation as well. When a plant has to adjust itʻs resource allocation, sometimes it uses itʻs resources to help the plant grow different characteristic so that the plant can have a greater chance of living in the environment. For example, if a plant from an environment that does not experience wind on the regular basis enters a new environment that has a lot of wind the plant may change itʻs resource allocation and spend more of itʻs resources growing deeper
As a result of these factors, the flora has adapted to these conditions in a variety of ways including their shape, leaf type, root system, and color. One of the most prominent adapt...
Davis, Tony. "Climate to stress crops." Arizona Daily Star. 1990. Web. 05 Nov 2013. .
Plant food is a type of fertilizer in which plants are suppose to grow taller and healthier when the food is used over a period of time. It is made up of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Nitrogen makes plants grow faster and produce more leaves, phosphorus makes the roots work better, and potassium gives larger flowers and prevents infection. The plant food contains these nutrients that are absorbed by the roots of a plant. Radishes, however, the subject of interest in this experiment is speculated by some to whether plant food actually works on it. However, for the experiment to be successful, the background information on the radish, “Early Scarlet Globe”, must be intact.
Although considered faster and cheaper, this approach to providing other alternative resources to food is slowly but significantly drying up our plant and is compromising human health. Because of the increa...
Osmosis is a type of diffusion which is only applied on water and is a passive process which does not require an input of energy from the cell; this is because materials are moving with the concentration gradient. Osmosis is a process that occurs at a cellular level, which entails the spontaneous net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane, from a region of high to low water concentration, in order to equalise the level of water in each region. This form of diffusion takes place when the molecules in a high concentration are too large to move through the membrane. The term semi-permeable or selectively permeable means that some substances can easily pass through the cell membrane, whereas others cannot. The significance of osmosis to cells is great, since it is the osmotic pressure that maintains the shape of an animal cell and provides support in the plant cells. Many factors affect the rate of osmosis including size of particles and temperature however in this particular experiment the factor investigated is the concentration of sodium chloride. Tubes of potatoes will be used to demonstrate the fact...
The cultures were maintained at 25±20C under 16 hr illumination of 4000 lux intensity. The results are presented in Table 1, it can be seen from the data that pH of the medium had significant effect not only on regeneration frequency but also on number of shoots developed in each culture. Maximum 62.5±4.7 percent cultures in CoS 98259 and 67.3±4.9 percent in CoS 767 developed shoots at pH 6.0 while regeneration frequency was the lowest at pH 5.6. An increase in pH form 6.0 to 6.2 and 6.4 reduced the frequency of shoot regeneration from the callus (Table
Three substances mainly make fertilisers: nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. Their percentage in the solution will change the effectiveness on a determinate plant; for example is recommended to use high proportion of nitrogen fertilizers during the spring growth of spurts. The fertilisers can be spitted in two categories: organic that contains a low level of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium and aren’t toxic to the environment and synthetic that are made by a high concentration of the three substances and can be corrosive to the environment if are overused.
The level of Nitric Oxide in the plants were measured by taking samples of the root and the leaves. A dye was applied to the nitric oxide in order for it to be more clear when viewed.
Hydroponic plants do not interact with soil and therefore do not negatively affect existing soil properties. Soil erosion due to irrigation and nutrient pollution are avoided altogether. The plant’s roots are submerged in an aerated nutrient solution instead, which allows for more efficient oxygen absorption within the root zone. This increases plant metabolism and growth, allowing for more frequent harvests. The chemical composition of the nutrient solution can be directly controlled and measured, allowing for the efficient use of fertilizers based on plant specific needs. There is minimal runoff or nutrient pollution associated with hydroponic farming systems, because the nutrient solution is constantly recirculated. Soil pests are avoided altogether, which minimizes the need for large amounts of herbicides and insecticides sprayed onto crops. Hydroponic systems also provide a greater yield in a smaller area. A case study was done in Arizona, which compared the growth and resource use of hydroponically grown lettuce versus conventionally grown lettuce. Hydroponic lettuce yields per area were found to be around eleven times greater than conventionally grown lettuce (Barbosa, et al.). As for water consumption, hydroponically grown lettuce used water more efficiently with approximately thirteen times less water demand than conventional (Barbosa, et al.).
Soil salinity is said to be “bad” for plant growth but is this really true? Is it just a big misunderstanding? Is it really the salts 'fault'? Are there no solutions to fixing this problem? These are some of the questions many people should be asking before deciding if salt is a friend or foe. Instead of just following whatever others say, people should know exactly how soil salinity is affecting crops and why this is happening. To know our enemy, in this case 'the salt', experiments has to be done, results must be gathered and processed and there must be an explanation to understand the different outcomes and results. We decided to find out everything about soil salinity and how it affects plant growth because plants are a huge part of our life, we live and breathe because of them and we want them to flourish. First, these are some information and questions that will make it easier to understand the whole concept altogether.
This lesson is designed to review and reinforce a few important concepts about plants (e.g. Needs, parts, sequence of planting) and to also guide the students through applying a few scientific inquiry (e.g. Making observations, experimentation, discussion, reflection, reporting results etc.). The students have previously planted corn and bean seeds and today’s lesson has provided the students a chance to see the results of the planted corn and bean seeds. Additionally, seeds have been planted under and growing under the following conditions: without water, and without soil. The students see the results of these seeds planted under these conditions for the past week. Two plants in particular have already been grown their growth has been
Plant nutrition is area of plant biology that is of the utmost importance for the proliferation of plants. Without proper nutrition, plants would simply cease to exist unless drastic alterations were made. There are certain elements that are required for the plant to grow and reproduce; these elements are known as essential elements. There are three requirements of an essential element: the element must be required for the completion of the plant’s life cycle, the element must not be replaceable by another element in whole, and finally the element must be direction involved in the metabolism of the plant. Chemical compounds that are involved in proper nutrition have been designated as nutrients, and further classified as macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients are needed for growth, metabolism, and many other functions, but are designated as “macro” because they are required in larger amounts. Macronutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, and fat molecules. Micronutrients have a much wider function that depends on the exact micronutrient. Micronutrients are designated as so because they are needed in much smaller amounts when compared to macronutrients. Examples of micronutrients include vitamins and minerals.