Workings of the Circadian Clock

Introduction

Understanding the relationship between an individual's predestined cellular clock and the subsequent genes responsible for that clock is very complex. However, research being conducted at the University of Pennsylvania using Drosophila may offer insight to the human circadian rhythm.

Many biological organisms, including eukaryotic and prokaryotic, function according to an endogenous system that regulates cellular processes with respect to time. This system is often referred to as the circadian clock or circadian rhythm and is primarily reliant upon genetic expression but can be influenced by other factors. These factors, often called zeitgebers (time givers), are exogenous determinants that can potentially alter the rhythm of the circadian system which normally operates on an approximate twenty four hour period. The most influential zeitgeber is light exposure, which can drastically transform the circadian clock of an individual organism and plays a significant role in establishing the initial cycle. There are other zeitgebers which influence the circadian clock as well, including temperature, social interactions, pharmacological manipulation, and eating patterns (1); the potential for a specific zeitgeber to alter the circadian clock is different from organism to organism.

The circadian system is essential in maintaining an organism’s homeostatic state; it is involved in cellular respiration in animals and photosynthesis in plants as well. They are essential for establishing sleeping patterns in animals, cellular division, and the activation/inhibition of hormones and other cellular structures. The circadian clock is located in the hypothalamus of mammals, specifically in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). W...

... middle of paper ...

...esearch regarding disorders in humans. A greater understanding of the mechanisms involved in normal circadian rhythms will only enhance the degree to which we can effectively treat disorders such as chronic fatigue, insomnia and other cognitive disorders that affect normal sleep patterns. Further, in light of the current political climate, such research might provide additional insight as to why and how prisoners are affected by interrogation methods that include prolonged light exposure.

Maintaining a regular circadian rhythm that supports normal sleep patterns is essential for all individuals in order to remain healthy. Any research performed that helps scientists and medical professionals further understand the science behind circadian rhythms and sleep patterns will undoubtedly aid in the treatment of numerous conditions that cause irregular sleep patterns.