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The effects of sugar on the human body
The effects of sugar on the human body
The effects of sugar on the human body
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Throughout the course of this Investigation, how sugar influences the rate of fermentation and how this in turn, affects the overall quality of wine was explored. Three wines were produced, each with varying sugar levels. The Investigation was designed so that one wine had a fairly low sugar content; one had an ideal sugar content and one had a high sugar content. After the fermentation process stopped, a taste test was conducted in order to assess the quality of the wine. The taste testers were blindfolded in order to reduce the chance of biased opinions. Each taste tester not only sampled each wine, but also sugar water and tonic water. This enabled the validity of the results to be assessed. It was found that the majority of the conclusions drawn by the taste testers were legitimate.
During the fermentation process, the yeasts that were initially added to the wine reproduce, via asexual reproduction. Theoretical research has concluded that this is dependant on the sugar content of the wine. The higher the sugar content of the wine, the greater the rate of reproduction. When yeasts are exposed to anaerobic conditions, yeast is able to undergo fermentation, the process by which grape juice becomes alcoholic. Energy is essential to this process. The necessary energy that is required is produced via anaerobic respiration.
Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
C6H1206 + O2 CO2 + H20 + Energy
Figure 11: equation for anaerobic respiration
Author Unknown, 2010
Therefore the greater the amount of sugar (glucose- C6H1206) inputted into the wine, the more energy that it is able to be produced. This energy produced is transferred to the yeasts, providing the necessary energy ...
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...oncentration as it may have generated the greatest concentration of tartaric acid, whereas Wines B and C may have produced other acids present in wine, such as malic, lactic, citric, acetic or succinic acid.
Esters are compounds formed by condensation between an acid and an alcohol. In the Investigation, ethanol in the wine would have provided the alcohol and the acids present would have produced the acid component, therefore it was predicted that the taste test would see to the detection of certain esters. During the taste test, many taste testers described the wine as having fruity flavours, detecting esters such as apples, peaches in wines A and B. The apple ester is a common ester that is detected in alcoholic beverages when ethyl acid is present. The Therefore wines A and B may have had a greater concentration of ethyl acid, when compared to Wine C.
ester, and we produce the most acid and alcohol. In bottle 3 we still have a good
It takes longer to break down the large molecules rather than the smaller molecules. This means that the yeast does not need to do any work when provided with small molecule foods such as glucose. The small molecule foods allow the yeast to respire easily. By already h... ... middle of paper ... ...
In the span of only a few pages, L.B. Church has given us an overview of the winemaking process. He has done so with sufficient detail for those in the chemistry community to follow along, yet still in a cursory enough manner as to not bog them down with the unnecessary. Written as if it were the procedure of an experiment, he has given enough information for the experiment to be repeated, tested, validated and improved upon. And that is almost assuredly his goal from the very beginning, as it must be for any published author in the chemistry community.
The Effects of Concentration of Sugar on the Respiration Rate of Yeast Investigating the effect of concentration of sugar on the respiration rate of yeast We did an investigation to find how different concentrations of sugar effect the respiration rate of yeast and which type of concentration works best. Respiration is not breathing in and out; it is the breakdown of glucose to make energy using oxygen. Every living cell in every living organism uses respiration to make energy all the time. Plants respire (as well as photosynthesise) to release energy for growth, active uptake, etc…. They can also respire anaerobically (without oxygen) to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products.
The purpose of this investigation is to test the effects of multiple sugar substances on the respiration of yeast. Most people think of yeast when they think of what makes bread rise, cheese, alcoholic beverages, or other food products. Another type of yeast can also cause yeast infections, an infection of the skin. Yeasts (Saccharomyces) are tiny, microscopic organisms with a thin membrane and are usually oval or circular-shaped. They are a type of single-celled fungi of the class Ascomycetes, capable of processing sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) ; this process is known as fermentation. Fermentation and the products are the main focus points for this experiment being that cellular respiration of yeasts happens via the process of fermentation, which creates by-products of alcohol and CO2. The level of CO2 produced by the yeasts will show how effective each sugar substance is in providing cellular energy for the yeasts.
In our Biology Lab we did a laboratory experiment on fermentation, alcohol fermentation to be exact. Alcohol fermentation is a type of fermentation that produces the alcohol ethanol and CO2. In the experiment, we estimated the rate of alcohol fermentation by measuring the rate of CO2 production. Both glycolysis and fermentation consist of a series of chemical reactions, each of which is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. Two of the tables substituted some of the solution glucose for two different types of solutions.
“Fermentation occurs in fruits, bacteria, yeasts, fungi, as well as in mammalian muscle”(Biology Online, 2008, p. xx-xx) . “Yeasts were discovered to have connection with fermentation as observed by the French chemist, Louis Pasteur” (Biology Online, 2008, p. xx-xx). “Pasteur originally defined fermentation as respiration without air” (Biology Online, 2008, p. xx-xx). “However, fermentation does not have to always occur in anaerobic condition” (Biology Online, 2008, p. xx-xx). “Yeasts still prefer to undergo fermentation to process organic compounds and generate ATP even in the presence of oxygen” (Biology Online, 2008, p. xx-xx). “However, in mammalian muscles, they turn from oxidative phosphorylation (of cellular respiration) to fermentation when oxygen supply becomes limited, especially during a strenuous activity such as intensive exercising” (Biology Online, 2008, p. xx-xx).
The older the wine the costlier it sells. Most of the wines are stored in wooden barrels, as it enhances the taste and colour of the wine. Process & Chemistry in Wine Industry Grape juice contains 79% water & 20 % carbohydrates, 1 % organic acids and, phenolics, vitamins, minerals and nitrogenous compounds. Grape juice gets its flavour from the sugars, organic acids and phenolics, while the vitamins, minerals
Generally speaking, other alcoholic beverages can be viewed as being a substitute for wine. However, specific substitution of wine in the New World is low because most individuals prefer to purchase wine from a retail facility instead of producing their own. Where as in the Old World the option of producing wine...
Wine has been a respected beverage for hundreds of years, which explains why there is so much evidence on the dominance of grapes in history. Although apples are also used to produce an alcoholic beverage, it is not as much of an elegant and respect drink as wine, and it has not been a major part of history. Wine is one of the most popular alcoholic beverages that exists and to this day it is understood to be a classier and more elegant alcoholic beverage. There is even a designated glass for the purpose of consuming the beverage. A “wine glass” has existed for many years, in fact it was first adapted by upper classes, where the lower classes would drink out of a glass that didn't have a tall stem. This again adds to idea that wine is more belonging to the upper and wealthier class as they drank out of a taller and more attractive glass. Apples, on the other hand, although also used to create alcoholic beverages, are not as significant in history. These beverages do not have a designated glass for consumption, nor are they known to be a delicacy. In fact, I believe that beverages derived from apples – such as ciders, are more popular in modern day society and therefore are not of such interest to
Although not shown in the fermentation reaction, numerous other end products are formed during the course of fermentation Simple Sugar → Ethyl Alcohol + Carbon Dioxide C6 H12 O6 → 2C H3 CH2 OH + 2CO2 The basic respiration reaction is shown below. The differences between an-aerobic fermentation and aerobic respiration can be seen in the end products. Under aerobic conditions, yeasts convert sugars to
By taking a Carbon Dioxide, rich substance and mixing it with a yeast, solution fermentation will occur, and then it could be determined if it is a good energy-producer. In this study glacatose, sucrose, glycine, glucose, and water were used to indicate how fast fermentation occurred. The overall result shows that monosaccharides in particular galactose and glucose were the best energy source for a cell.
Yeasts are facultative anaerobes. They are able to metabolize the sugars in two different ways which is aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen and anaerobic respiration in the absence of oxygen. The aerobic respiration also known as cellular respiration takes place when glucose is broken down in the present of oxygen to yield carbon dioxide, water and energy in the form of ATP. While in anaerobic respiration, fermentation takes place because it occurs in the absence of external electron acceptor. Because every oxidation has to be coupled to a reduction of compound derived from electron donor. On the other hand, in cellular respiration an exogenous
Post the fermentation process, the amount of alcohol present is a main control of the taste and quality of each wine; creating preference. Fermentation (more specifically ethanol fermentation) is the process in which pyruvate (from glucose metabolism (carbohydrates)) is ...
The process of alcoholic fermentation begins with the use of enzymes. The enzymes begin to break down the long chains in starch molecules, a polysaccharide that consists of a large quantity of glucose molecules (C6H12O6) joined by glycosidic bonds as seen in figure 1, into single glucose molecules, a monosaccharide with six carbons and five hydroxyl groups. After the starch has become sugar, the enzymes are used once again, this time to convert the sugars into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide, CO2, as seen in figure 2 (World of Scientific Discovery, 2007). The carbon dioxide produced is released into the atmosphere, leaving water and ethanol, the alcohol, behind. Ethanol is a colorless flammable liquid with a molecular formula of C2H6O, giving it a molar mass of 46.07 grams per mole. Ethanol is also characterized by a melting point of -114°C or 159 K.