For as long as people have had the means, metal has been beaten into sheets and used for architectural purposes, from roof coverings to sewer pipes. In the late seventeenth century, this hand-hammering process was later replaced by large “rotating iron cylinders” which pressed metal into flattened sheets (Simpson 31). These water-powered rolling mills allowed for more uniform sheets as well as a less laborious and time-consuming process. The sheets were allowed to be thinner, which was advantageous when creating smaller details, such as gutters and roofing. The process of creating metal sheet metal evolved, creating a better product.
The early materials used were lead, copper, zinc, and iron; steel was introduced as another material in the late nineteenth century. Lead was used mainly for roofing, gutters, and downspouts. However, it was quickly discovered that because of the severe climates, the expansion and contraction of the metal meant it would tear easily. As a solution, it was melted and mixed with tin to form as alloy as a coating. This provided a more stable building material (31). Copper was also used because it was more durable and lighter in weight than lead. As it was
Tin was another material, but it was too soft to be used by itself. For this reason, it was combined with other materials, such as iron, providing a more aesthetically pleasing coating on the exterior. While it could cost almost twice as much as an iron roof, it was sure to last three times as long (32). Because of the expense, it was used only for roofing on important buildings, while smaller decorative details were used on less important commercial and residential structures. Copper became a less popular material to use for ceiling tiles because ...
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...ompany, who in their 1911 trade catalog, declared this notion (citation). However, it was soon found that the little error a client would make attempting to install the ceilings themselves made the ceilings less than satisfactory. It was discovered that the truly difficult installation process should only be carried out by the trained and skilled professional necessary for proper installaiton.
Brian Greer's Tin Ceilings. "History of Tin Ceilings." Brian Greer's Tin Ceilings. Brian Greer's Tin Ceilings. Web. 05 Nov. 2013.
http://www.ehow.com/about_4674151_history-tin-ceilings.html
http://www.americantinceilings.com/installing-a-tin-ceiling-pg1.html
http://www.thisoldhouse.com/toh/photos/0,,20437428,00.html
Works Cited
W.H. Mullins, Sheet Metal Architectural Ornaments, Statuary, Cornices, Building Fronts, Finials, etc. (Salem, Ohio: W.H. Mullins, 1894).
...lling device, which was opened up usually in the summertime, the ceiling however was covered in fabric from wall to wall.
Edwards, B. (1998, January 2). Revere Foundry and Copper Mill. Retrieved from Paul Revere Home: http://www.paulreverehouse.org/bio/coppermill.html
A wide variety of coating alloys and wrought alloys can be prepared that give the metal greater strength, castability, or resistance to corrosion or high temperatures. Some new alloys can be used as armor plate for tanks, personnel carriers, and other military vehicles.
-Developed and implemented strip casting overseas to eliminate a step in the steel making process
Louis Comfort Tiffany was originally trained as a painter, but began studying the techniques of glassmaking when he was 24. In 1885, Tiffany established his own studios, employing teams of designers and craftspeople to translate his vision into works material works of art (Morsemuseum.org, 2014). Tiffany Studios, during its 50-year history, produced an approximated 5,000 windows. Many of these windows had religious themes, such as The Righteous Shall Receive a Crown of Glory (Tiffany, 1901). This window’s theme “celebrates victory over death, and the joyous theme of resurrection” (Cmog.org, 2014). Tiffany’s window depictions were overall more optimistic than most other 19th-century stained glass memorials, w...
3 In the Nature of Materials, 1887-1941: The Buildings of Frank Lloyd Wright (Da Capo Paperback) by Henry Russell Hitchcock Da Capo Press (June 1975)
Troy, Michael. "U.S. History/Strict vs. Loose Construction." U.S. History: Strict vs. Loose Construction, strict constructionists, us air force. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Feb. 2014. .
use of classical motifs as urns and swags. Inlay, veneer, carving, and paint are used for
Kleiner, Fred S., and Helen Gardner. Gardner's Art through the Ages: A Global History. Boston, MA:
Iron comes from the Latin word ferrum. From ferrum its symbol became Fe. The atomic number of iron is 26, and its atomic weight is 55.845. Iron is a magnetic, bendable, shiny white metallic element.
Goldstein, Barbara. “Addition to architect’ house, Los Angeles California, 1979” Domus, no.599 (October 1979): 9
By adding up to 2%,of carbon it makes the steel tough and strong. Although it’s tough and strong, it is able to bend. To make sure that the metal doesn’t rust, it has a zinc coating on it. Iron is 26 on the periodic table,and considered an “transition metal,” meaning that it is ductile and malleable, and conduct electricity and heat. ... “Some other elements that are similar to iron are cobalt and nickel. They are the only elements known to produce a magnetic field.” Zinc is 30 on the periodic table and it is also a transition metal like iron. “The first iron used by humans is likely to have come from meteorites.” A meteorite is a meteor that survives its passage through the earth's atmosphere such that part of it strikes the ground. More than 90 percent of meteorites are of rock, while the remainder consist wholly or partly of iron and nickel. Meteors are believed to have been from the asteroid belt of Mars and
During the late bronze age, metallurgy shifted from a form of art and trade to a need for weapons. During a time of war, people will salvage any material that they can try and give themselves an advantage an example being melted down or repurposing anything that