Why Highways Are Improved and
Constructed
Enhancing an existing highway is preferred to the construction of a new one. Highways are developed to meet general traffic needs, to eliminate or decrease negative impacts caused by traffic or when changes in land use so require. A new highway shall be constructed when the existing highway network no longer meets the requirements of traffic or land use, and these requirements cannot be satisfied or eliminated through road improvements or other transport system developments, or the negative impacts caused by traffic cannot be reduced enough.
Reasons to improve existing highways and construct new ones include the following:
•Improve mobility/travel due to residential, work place and service developments.
•Requirements better serve the transport needs of industrial and commercial activities.
•Increasing mobility during working hours and free time and growth of the car fleet.
• Making highways safer and reduce negative impacts on the environment caused by traffic.
• Improve pedestrian and bicycle traffic conditions, and the use of public transport.
•Aim to improve traffic mobility.
The Phases of Road Planning
The planning of road projects is a method turning into more elaborated stage by stage. At each stage, the level of planning accuracy and decision-making is customized in accordance with land use planning.
The planning process has four stages: feasibility study, preliminary engineering planning, final engineering planning and construction planning.
In minor road projects with restricted impacts, planning and decision making stages can be combined.
When a new highway or the improvement of an existing highway is planned, the planning must be based on a land use plan meeting the requi...
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outcomes of final engineering planning:
•precise road area
•detailed solutions
•cost estimate and possible division of costs
4.Construction Plan
Construction planning belongs to the road construction phase and covers the drafting of the documents required for construction. In many cases, the contractor is often responsible for drawing up the construction plan. Within limits of the final engineering plan, interaction between road constructors and landowners and other concerned parties continues throughout the entire planning and construction phase. In minor projects, the final engineering and construction planning phases can be combined.
Compensation is paid for any damage caused to external property during final engineering or construction planning and construction.
outcome of construction planning:
•documents required in construction
Boarnet, Marlon G. "National Transportation Planning: Lessons from the U.S. Interstate Highways." National Transportation Planning: Lessons from the U.S. Interstate Highways. Elsevier Ltd., 2013. Web. 28 Mar. 2014.
Many mass construction projects in the history of the United States have had a major impact on the economy and culture; however, not many of these have had as large as an impact as the Interstate Highway Act of 1956. The Interstate Highway Act revolutionized the way that we think about highways today. The act created an extremely easy mode of transportation for people across the country. Not only was the Interstate Highway Act extremely helpful in making rural and urban transportation for normal people, but it also helped commercial businesses in increasing sales across the country. These businesses were now able to transport their goods cheaper and faster. The Interstate Highway Act was tremendously beneficial in regards to its economic, social, and cultural significance. The legislation was significant economically in the way that it promoted business and cut travel costs, it was significant socially in the way that it allowed people to see friends and family even if they did not live close, and it was significant culturally in the way that it allowed people to move out to the country for low costs in order to live a happier life.
Planning phase involves completion of the project scope plan, WBS, schedule of the project plan, cost and procurement of the project plan. According to the research study, the organizations need to spend a certain amount of time on planning and initiating phase. These plans address the knowledge areas. In this phase, we need to estimate the cost and obtain resources for the project. The team members need to reassess the plan at each and every phase of the project.
Throughout its nearly 60 year history, the Interstate Highway System has served the United States of America far beyond its original goals. From its original purposes of uniting the country and aiding defense to the more mundane, (but equally important)such as ferrying goods across the country, the Interstate Highway System has firmly entrenched itself as one of the greatest feats of engineering the world has ever known. Record setting bridges, tunnels, and length of pavement have all been made by the vast expanse of the IHS FACT. As Dwight D. Eisenhower, then president, stated “Together, the united forces of our communication and transportation systems are dynamic elements in the very name we bear -- United States. Without them, we would be a mere alliance of many separate parts” (http://todayinsci.com/Events/Transport/HighwayInterstate-Quotations.htm 22 Feb 1955)
Urban planning is a process that relates to the use of a piece of land; its development, maintenance and protection. Primarily, it involves creating a practical design that distributes each component of the city while including unique values dedicated to a certain group of people. The plan has to follow a certain criteria concerning regulations, environmental issues, public facilities, and economic growth. This process is important to determine and assure that an available space will be used in the most functional way possible and that its citizens will be satisfied with their surroundings.
“The voters approved and wanted better roads. They provided the funding mechanism, so we want to deliver on what we promised and make sure they get these newly paved roads as soon as possible,” according to a release issued by Young, who recently rolled out plans for the first phase,
* Levinson, H. (2004). Highways, People, and Places: Past, Present, and Future. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 130 (4), 406 – 412.
The solution found by planners to varied situations in practice very dependent on the certain criteria like social, economic, environmental, and political. The evaluation of a solution on these criteria defines the success of a solution.
This should include informing the businesses when along with how long sections of the road will be shut down and providing information on how customers can access their stores. If the businesses where informed of how long their customer traffic will be disrupted they would have been able to plan accordingly. Also, the project manager’s process should include a contact in the town council in which they would report to at a scheduled point in time about the progress of the project and to address any concerns. This would allow the community to feel that they are involved in the
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is an evaluation technique in which an assessment of the construction costs of alternative options is carried out with respect to the population served. CEA compares the cost of interventions with their intended impacts. A specific CEA approach is proposed for the majority of Rural Transportation Infrastructures (RTI) where traffic is less than 50 motorized four-wheeled vehicles per day (for a basic access road) (Lebo & Schelling 2001).
Molenaar, K. R., Anderson, S. D., Schexnayder, C. J., National Research Council (U.S.)., National Cooperative Highway Research Program., American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials., & United States. (2010). Guidebook on risk analysis tools and management practices to control transportation project costs. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board.
All those involved in road drainage design (including local and international consultants) in any of the key phases of road infrastructure delivery should use this manual appropriately. A drainage policy guidance document to enforce the design criteria should be prepared.
6) Is a need to for of widening a lane in congested highways for the evaluation of quality of service and capacity analysis of highway around Nagpu city.
The resources that were used for construction of roads cannot be used for other activities. In fact, any resources used for the road construction ar...
The development of every nation hinges on the effectiveness of their transportation systems. Movement of goods, services and people to and from locations is made possible by transportation systems. The importance of effective transportation systems cannot be over-emphasized. Many countries face transportation problems and my country Ghana is no exception. A trip of about 30 minutes usually takes about an hour or more due to traffic jams. This is seriously impacting productivity and has become a topical issue in the country. The situation is the same in Uganda where I currently work. To this end, Transportation Engineers are needed to design roads/ highways that will stand the test of time, plan effective traffic management systems to reduce