My choice of research was in the play behaviors of children as well as aggression. Breaking the topic down more, behavior relates to the psychology and the psyche of each individual. The definition of psychology is “science of mind and behavior” (Clavijo, 2013). After reading the article by Clavijo, I have realized that psychology can be defined in three ways such as the study of the mind, the study of behavior, and the study of the mind and behavior. In the text “The Developing Person” by Berger, behavior is learned through social learning. Children learn different behaviors through the observation of others, others being children and adults. Different people have affects on a child’s life that can affect their behavior. A child’s behavior is heavily influenced by their parents. A son may speak aggressively and without respect towards his mother because this is the way that his father speaks to her therefore he feels that is how to communicate with his mother (Berger, 200, 2012). Moving into play behaviors, children learn from other children in how to play. Most believe cognitive growth relies on child’s play time. Vygotsky and Piaget both believe that when children play it is beneficial, but according to Vygotsky, playing enables a child to think outside the box and create their own meaning from objects, using their imagination. Piaget believes that child benefit from playing together because children and sharing their knowledge and making it more concrete ideas and thoughts. There are four stages of plays, with the fourth stage being the highest most complicated play which consists of rules and guidelines for the game. The lowest level or play would be functional play being infants shaking rattles, clapping their hands, or blow...
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...with hitting, anger in words, or violent acts. Simply turning her should and having a tantrum can be seen as aggression because Girl 2 is not able to communicate that she does not agree with the rules, so instead she takes herself out of the situation and does not return until the game goes her way and in her favor.
Discussion:
In this paper I have learned that children base their actions of off what they learned from their parents. In my findings, I was able to see that Girl 1 treated Girl 2 as her mother would meaning that Girl 1 tended to Girl 2 as if she were a young child and she was an older more mature child. Girl 2 also reacted in a way that is considered aggression to get her way. The most interesting thing to me in all of this observation is that Berger was right in saying that behavior is learned through the actions of their parents (Berger, 200, 2012).
Early Childhood is marked by a time in children’s lives when they develop “a confident self-image, more effective control over their emotions, new social skills, the foundations of morality, and a clear sense of themselves as boy or girl” (Berk, Kauffman & Landrum, 2011, pg. 45). According to Erik Erikson, early childhood is a period of “vigorous unfolding,” one where children have a sense of autonomy and a new sense of purposefulness or initiative (Berk, Kauffman & Landrum, 2011, pg. 45). Play is a means for children to learn about themselves and they begin to adopt the moral and gender-role standards of the society in which they live (Berk, Kauffman & Landrum, 2011). A negative outcome of early childhood is the guilt children feel as a result of excessive punishment and criticism by the adults in their lives (Berk, Kauffman & Landrum, 2011)....
All things considered, as I’ve grown up several instances influenced my frame of mind and how I perceive the world around me. If I had to look back onto the starting domino of this chain of events, I’d have to say it's something my aunt told me; “You should only cry when you’re bleeding.” Granted, I don’t think she said that exactly. At 5 or 6 when she said that to me. But I took it that way, especially as I grew up in Oregon.
It is often said that human personalities resemble their behavior as a child. Study have shown a strong correlation to how they will behave in the future (resemble adult behavior). However, before children enter into the world, they are immediately taught what to do and what not to do. As researchers Malastesta and Haviland puts it, “children develop the ability to modulate their emotional expression in the course of growing up” (Malatesta and Haviland 1986). According to Malatesta and Haviland “several studies of early mother-infant interaction suggest that young infants are exposed to modeling and instrumental learning conditions during face-to-face play with their mothers; these conditions conceivably constitute the very first occasions for learning display rules.”
Psychology is the study of the behavior of living organisms. The people that study the behaviors are called psychologists. There have been many studies done by these people to try and figure out why people or animal do the things they do. Psychology's four main goals are to describe what occurred, explain why it occurred, predict what event is likely to occur next, and to change to prevent unwanted outcomes. Psychologists study the process of thinking, learning, cognition, emotions, motivations, and personalities. An example of one study that has been done would be why a dog salivates to the sound of a bell and show. This behavior is due to a conditioned stimulus becoming a conditioned response. Another experiment done was with a baby and a white mouse to see if the baby would be scared if something happened while grabbing for the mouse.
The article begins by supporting the need for play in the early child care setting and then providing readers with a researcher name Bandura the theory of aggression and two forms of aggression. “Bandura’s Social Learning Theory suggests that children learn to be aggressive through direct or indirect (e.g., observation) experiences.” (Hart &
The observational learning acquired by children from adults was represented in Banduras bobo doll experiment (1961) An adult model who expressed violent and aggressive behaviour was observed and replicated by children. This experiment involved a video of an adult behaving violently towards a bobo doll to be observed by children. The children were then given the opportunity to enter a room and play with the same bobo doll exhibited in the video. Bandura found that children who observed a video of the adult being punished for the aggressive behaviour towards the bobo doll replicated the aggressive behaviour less than children who observed an adult who got awarded or didn’t get punished for behaving aggressively towards the bobo doll. Consequently
Coaching psychology is a new sub-discipline in the field of psychology that is based on psychological approaches and that was first established as a profession in the UK and Australia (Palmer and Whybrow, 2008). Moreover, in the 1990s life coaching and executive coaching has emerged and are currently being applied in personal & work contexts, and even in educational setting (the Coaching Psychologist, 2005). The main focus in a coaching session is helping the client to achieve his desired goals (Grant, 2008). In order for the session to be successful, the coach should adapt certain skills such as listening, paraphrasing, questioning and giving & receiving feedback (Van Nieuwerburgh, 2014) coaching skills. Coaching is also adapted in schools which provide support for students, teacher and executives. Thus, coaching can enhance, examination results, teaching skills and transition into new roles (Van Nieuwerburgh, 2014). This essay will critically review Appreciative Inquiry (IA) approach, how it can be applied in an educational setting and the benefits of coaching on the learning experience of students.
My paper is based on an article from the text’s web site (chapter 9) entitled “Lack of sleep ages body’s systems.” The basic claim of the article is that sleep deprivation has various harmful effects on the body. The reported effects include decreased ability to metabolize glucose (similar to what occurs in diabetes) and increased levels of cortisol (a stress hormone involved in memory and regulation of blood sugar levels). The article also briefly alludes (in the quote at the bottom of page 1) to unspecified changes in brain and immune functioning with sleep deprivation.
Play directly influences how children develop both emotionally and socially. Children learn how to express their emotions and cope with their feelings as they experiment with different characters in their play. Play gives children a “harmless outlet to their built up aggression” (CHETN). This is displayed when a child becomes angry, upset, or stressed about a situation in their lives; these young children may not be old enough or have the proper communication tools to communicate what they are feeling. Therefor they may choose to play with objects that depict the emotions that they are feeling and attempt to cope. Simply said, a child will use play to explain how they are feeling rather than acting out in a negative fashion (Wehrman 351). This not only works for the child when expressing emotions, it can also be effective for whole families in coping with emotions. When families come together and play they may be “less analytical and intellectual and more ...
Psychology is the investigation of the mind and how it processes and directs our thoughts, actions and conceptions. However, in 1879 Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany. Nevertheless, the origins of psychology go all the way back thousands of years starting with the early Greeks. This foundation is closely connected to biology and philosophy; and especially the subfields of physiology which is the study of the roles of living things and epistemology, which is the study of comprehension and how we understand what we have learned. The connection to physiology and epistemology is often viewed as psychology, which is the hybrid offspring of those two fields of investigation.
It was wildly thought that aggression is more of a “masculine type [of] behavior,” however, this research shows that girls can be aggressive as well. In Western culture, it is more acceptable for males to be aggressive than females who are thought of to be more fragile and tender. While the group of experimental girls did not produce the same results as the group of boys, they did exhibit aggressive tendencies towards the toys. The study also shows that many children will mostly behave aggressively if someone of the same gender, and of higher importance like parent or teacher does as
The Science of Psychology “Psychology is the scientific study of mind, brain and behaviour. Some of what you do learn may seem like ‘common sense’, or at least familiar to you because you are learning about topics in which you can relate to. However some things you may believe is true, but is incorrect. The way we know this is through the application of scientific methods.” Mark Leary suggests that the subject matter of psychology is much more familiar to most people than is the subject matter of physics or biology; we see behaviour all around us.
Psychology is known as the study of the mind and behavior through researching, observing, and interpreting. There is a variety of different fields in psychology abnormal psychology, clinical psychology, counseling psychology, developmental psychology, forensic psychology, personality psychology, and social psychology. According to the data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the Occupational Outlook Handbook psychology will continue to grow twelve percent which is seen as average in the next ten years (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014-15). It is important that the categorization of psychology be understood by individuals because of the continued trend of individuals studying, learning, and working in the psychology field over the next ten years. However, if individuals do not have an understanding of psychology’s classification being supported either as a science or not being supported as a science, it is likely to result in feelings of confusion. The definition of science, according to the Merriam-Webster dictionary is defined as, “knowledge about or study of the natural world based on facts learned through experiments and observation” also known as the state of knowing (Merriam-Webster). There is supporting evidence that suggests psychology be classified as a science and other evidence that does not show supporting evidence that psychology is classified as a science. The purpose of this Literature Review on identifying the classification of psychology is to assess the current research sources on the following categories; support that psychology is a science, support that psychology is not a science, current problems within psychology, and lastly to identify gaps in the current research.
“The scientific study of human thought and behavior” (Feist, 2013, p. 6) is how psychology has been defined in today’s world. Over the centuries, it has been used to evaluate and also help with the healing process of people with mental issues. It’s also been used as a means of understanding how a person thinks and to prove reasoning behind a decision made. Today, psychologist use it as a “practice or to diagnose and treat problems of thought and behavior” (Feist, 2013, p. 6). Psychology allows room for growth in the field of science and social behavior. It also brings new perspectives to the people of this world and what they have to offer. Psychology is a way of understanding how humanity can improve and understanding how it has grown over the past years. This specific type of studying brings room for improvement and ability to function more efficiently in the years to come. It’s more than obtaining a simple grasp on history though, psychology is view on how and what makes a person to be who they are. These studies can range from infancy to the elderly and from small to large groups. There can be a large amount of factors or little amounts which will bring in results of behavior and thought. With that said, let’s take a more in depth look into psychology and what it has to tell.
Psychology is the scientific study and practical application of observable behavior and mental processes of organisms. Psychology differs from other social sciences such as: Sociology, History, or Economics, because psychology specifically deals with the study of an individual. The other social sciences will study groups, or history. Psychology is less a science of reported findings, it attempts asks and answers questions using observable behavior and what can be determined as mental processes of the subject. The symbol for psychology is the Greek letter “psi” (Ø). The subject matter of psychology is, affect, behavior, and cognition. The affect for psychology is the actual mental processes that make up: moods, feeling, and emotional state. An example for affect would be feeling sad about something happening. Behavior includes the actually actions and responses of organisms. Behavior can include the way we act in any given situation, for example when we get up in the morning. The order in the way we prepare ourselves for going out into public can be categorized as our behavior. Cognition is the actual mental events and the processes that result from them. Memories of an event are a great example of an organism’s cognition. The components and corresponding faces of psychology include the body of knowledge which is considered the teaching face, set of investigative methods or research face, and array of techniques the therapy face. The goals of psychology are: to explain behaviors, to describe behaviors, to predict behavior, and to modify inappropriate behaviors. Explaining behaviors would be a question similar to “Why does this happen?”, and example of how describing behavior could be accomplished would be asking “What causes this behavior, where does it come from?”. Predictions can be elaborated on by asking “When will the behavior occur?”. An example of a behavioral modification question is “What can be changed in the environment to alter this behavior?”. A specialized subfield of psychology that most interests me is, Forensic Psychology, because it would be appealing to me to understand a potential criminal mind and to make the determination if the criminal was sane at the time the crime was committed or if he/she was operating with full judgment. In studying the 9/11 attack on America, a Forensic Psyc...