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parenting styles in early years
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As discussed in Paper #1, positive emotions and thinking, character strengths, and values are integral to positive psychology. Positive psychology asserts that by addressing each of these core concepts, people can live a happier, and by extension healthier, life. However, the productivity and well-being which can result from the applications of positive psychology are viable far beyond the personal level; when utilized at the institutional level, the same efficacy can be seen in much broader contexts. Accordingly, in this paper I will discuss the usage of the aforementioned core concepts in three distinct institutional areas: family, school, and the workplace. I will conclude on the underlying themes seen in each, and the effect that positive psychology can have in creating improved, more viable institutions.
At an institutional level, family can theoretically have many different make-ups, though for the purpose of this assessment, we’ll be specifically referencing Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory, specifically, the Microsystem. In other words, “family” refers to the core nuclear family with whom the children have direct interaction (e.g. parents). Within the family, the parenting style which most utilizes positive psychology is the, “Authoritative Parenting Style.” In this parenting style, parents hold high expectations for their children, but do so in an environment which is communicative, warm, and respectful.
Dr. Helen Altman Klein describes the authoritative parenting style as one in which positive emotions and thinking are cultivated, with parents instilling the tools necessary in their children for them to control their emotions. A focus is placed on allowing children to explore their own feelings in ways...
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...utionalized roles can become happier, healthier contributing members to their various groups. While sometimes difficult, the provided discussion and referenced research has shown that the rewards of utilizing positive psychology at an institutional level far outweigh the complications in implementation.
Works Cited
Bronfenbrenner, U. The Social Role of the Child in Ecological Perspective. Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 7, 0340-1804.
Chen, J., & Mcnamee, G. D. Positive Approaches to Learning in the Context of Preschool Classroom Activities. Early Childhood Education Journal, 71-78.
Harzer, C., & Ruch, W. The Application of Signature Character Strengths and Positive Experiences at Work. Journal of Happiness Studies, 965-983.
Klein, H. A., & Ballantine, J. For Parents Particularly: Raising Competent Kids: The Authoritative Parenting Style. Childhood Education, 46-47.
When Ezra was eight years old, he had a psychologist report done that asked a set of questions not only to him but also to myself about my parenting style. I scored high in the top 15 percentiles in not only warmth and affection but also discipline and control. Being high in all four aspects of parenting styles puts me into the authoritative style (Bee & Boyd, 2012). In The Developing Child, the authors describe the parents with this parenting style as those that are “setting clear limits, expecting and reinforcing socially mature behavior, and at the same time responding to the child’s individual needs (Bee & Boyd, 2012, p. 326).” As I reflect on certain situations, I can tell that this style guided my parenting. For example, when Ezra was 6 he frequently cheated at games if he knew he could get away with it. My response, with accordance to my authoritative parenting style, was to beginning teaching him right and wrong, not getting upset, but to bring up the cheating and tell him to play by the rules despite him not having a “strong sense of mortality (Manis, 2008).” I decided to use that option because I wanted Ezra to learn from the experience but continue to play the game and have
To understand positive psychology and trauma, one must first understand what each term means. First, positive psychology is the study and focus on the best in human behavior. It is a fairly new perspective being observed and used by psychologists from all over the world. The goal of positive psychology is to study and promote conditions that can help people to achieve happy, healthy, and productive lifestyles. It is derived from research and theories from many areas of psychology and tying them together while focusing on the positive aspects of human behavior. What does it mean to be positive? Being positive is displaying affirmation, acceptance, or certainty toward an object, idea, or person.
been minimized, suicides and substance abuse. Recognizing the usefulness of positive psychology can minimize substance abuse along with the view that it is a suitable alternative to dealing with complex issues while also minimizing impacts to mission accomplishment.
A fair criticism of the first one hundred years of the science of psychology is that the emphasis has been on addressing what makes life unbearable-mental illness, anxiety, neurosis, stress and so on, as stressed by Sligman & Cziakzemtmihalyi, 2000; see also Jahoda, 1958. (Kaiser & Overfield, 2011) Positive Psychology focuses on the good that could possibly increase a person’s quality of life. Positive Psychology a growing utilization in the workplace. Thus the development of strength-based leadership.
Baumrind (1967) observed more than one hundred preschool age children and their parents and noted that responsiveness of the parents to their child’s needs in a supportive way would increase the child’s performance. There are two central elements regarding parenting style: parental responsiveness and parental demand (Maccoby & Martin, 1983). From these building blocks, Baumrind identified three prototypes: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive. In 1983, the work of Maccoby and Martin would be published and reconceptualize Baumrind’s work by adding a fourth category; neglectful. All four of these parenting style prototypes are a combination of these basic elements. Authoritative parenting combines responsiveness with demandingness for what many people believe to be the best approach to parenting (Timpano, Keough, Mahaffey, Schmidt, & Abramowitz, 2010). The authoritarian style fuses unresponsiveness with demandingness to form a totalitarian view of child rearing. The inverse o...
Heath, Phyllis. "Authoritative Parents." Parent-child relations: context, research, and application. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2013. 29. Print.
The difference that authoritative parenting has over every other parenting style is that it has both responsiveness and structure. Parents that typically show this type of parenting act as teacher or counselors guiding their children on the right path. They are warm and approachable but still enforce structure and have high expectations for their children. These parents give their children opportunities to earn freedoms and are more trust based. These parents are typically involved in their children’s lives, but not overly involved because they know there is a difference between parent and child. Children that grow up in the authoritative parenting lifestyle are more successful in school, have a higher self-esteem, good social skills and overall researchers have found these kids to be happier and more productive than in any other product from parenting styles. These families are supportive and loving. I feel that my family is a good example of authoritative parenting because they always pushed me to perform my best in my grades and soccer and that got me at a wonderful school playing on a soccer scholarship. My parents allowed me freedom by earning their trust. They have guided and molded me into the person I am today by being loving, nurturing and pushing me to be my best so I can have a life different from theirs and
“Seligman (1998) noted positive psychology’s focus is to make the lives of all people rewarding and to build positive experiences”(Costello & Stone, 2012). His concern and main focus was to train and support staff, faculty, and administrators of positive psychology approaches and overall, helping their students grow as learn...
Growing up, two group of people, parents, and grandparents, took the time and the energy to raise me. Both of them had different approaches when raising me. These approaches were different parenting styles. According to Baumrind, parenting style was the “[capturing] normal variations in parents’ attempts to control and socialize their children” (Darling, 1999). To put it simply, parenting style goal was to lecture, influence, and discipline a child. In general, there are four parenting styles with their own specific benefits and disadvantages. Furthermore, parenting style, granted the dynamic of the family was understood, can be identified in families.
To begin with, of the four Baumrind’s parenting styles, authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and disengaged, I chose authoritative. Authoritative parenting has a high level of demandingness while at the same time exerts the same amount of responsiveness leading to a child who is independent, creative, well-balanced, and leads a relatively social lifestyle. I feel that laying down rules and expectations for a child gives them the guidance they need at a young age or they will be left to guide themselves blindly leading to irresponsibility, impulsiveness, and a tendency to engage in substance use. Equally important is a parent needs to warm, attentive, and not only say they love their children but express through actions and understanding as well (Arnett, 2016).
Wong, P. T. (2011). Positive psychology 2.0: Towards a balanced interactive model of the good life. What to do about the negative?, 52(2), 69-70.
The authoritative, which include warmth and responsiveness, allow children to express their concerns and wishes, and discuss disagreements with parent to find a solution. Parent set rules and limitations, but the limitations can be amended. This type of reciprocal parenting creates children who
Authoritative parenting has a stronger positive outcome due to the balance maintained within the structure of this parenting style. According to developmental psychologist Diana Baumrind, “Authoritative parents are firm, setting limits for their children. As the children get older, these parents try to reason and explain things to them. They also set clear goals and encourage their children's independence,” (Baumrind 2005). For example, a young boy wants to play video games all day and the parent decides this is unwise. It is a nice day outside and the parent wants him to go out and play. An authoritative approach would be to sit down with the child and explain the positives of playing outside rather than the negatives of playing video games. The parent would appeal to the child's interests in order to engage the child in effective parenting. The child would then be able to see the positive side of the decision rather than just the negative consequences.
Authoritative child-rearing “involves high acceptance and involvement, adaptive control techniques, and appropriate autonomy granting.” (Laura 216) In other words, there are guidelines, standards, the parents are enabling, supportive, flexible, assertive, but the relationship between the parents and children serves as democratic.... ... middle of paper ... ...
In the United States 20% of the adult population report that they are living a flourishing life (Keyes, 2002). However, a high percentage reports feeling as if they are ‘‘stuck’’ or ‘‘want more’’ and are yet not diagnosable with a mental disorder (Fredrickson, 2008). Because happiness has been found to be the source of many desirable life outcomes e.g. career success, marriage, and health, it is of importance to understand, how languishing individuals can reach this ideal state: How can well-being be enhanced and misery reduced (Lyubomirsky, King, & Diener, 2005). Over the past decade, research in the field of positive psychology has emerged to provide evidence-based methods to increase an individual’s psychological well-being, through so called positive psychology interventions (PPI’s). PPI’s are treatment methods or intentional activities used to promote positive feelings or behaviour. PPI’s vary from writing gratitude letters, practicing optimistic thinking and replaying positive experiences. A meta-analysis of 51 independent PPI studies demonstrated significant results in the effectiveness of PPI’s increasing well-being (49 studies; r = .29) (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009).