Offshore engineering is a new and rapidly developing field. Even though the main interest is still oil production related, offshore structures are also widely used for energy production from ocean waves, mining, port structure and other similar fields. By definition an offshore structure can be defined as the structure or a facility which is being installed in marine environment, mainly in the sea in order to produce and transmit electricity, gas, oil and also other resources. Offshore structure can be classified into two major group; floating and fixed structures. As for the fixed structures, it can be further divided into steel jackets tower, compliant towers, concrete gravity based structure, jack-ups structure and also the tension leg structure (TLP).
Figure 1: Deep water system of offshore structure (Dr. Pulpong Pongvithayapanu, n.d)
1.1 Fixed Structure
A compliant tower is a flexible structure with flex plies (principally flexible legs or axial tubes) to control mass and stiffness characteristics so as to mitigate the effects of periodic wind, wave and current forces. The tower is supported laterally at its lower end by the flex piles, but is permitted to slide vertically along the flex piles and rotate about its lower end. In response to movement of the tower away from the vertical, the piles establish a righting moment (couple) acting at the point of pile attachment. This provides the stabilization necessary to restore the tower to a vertical orientation. Natural periods are usually greater than 25 sec so they are generally well outside wave periods. Compliant towers are designed to sustain significant lateral deflections and forces. Compliant tower are relatively slender compared to jacket/tower structure but have higher installation costs due to the portion of the flex pile must be driven after the tower in place and use a considerable amount of steel.
The compliant tower platform are designed for water depth more than jacket platform which are normally up to 600 meters.
Figure 2 : The design of compliant tower structure (Lyle Finn, 1987)
Gravity structures are fixed structures that are held in-place against environmental action solely by their weight plus that of any contained ballast, together with foundation resistance resulting from their weight and lateral resistance from any skirts. The gravity structure consists of large reinforced concrete bottom mounted structure, caisson. One or more tower are rigidly secured to the caisson and extend upward to a drilling and production deck above ocean surface.
counterweight is hoisted up as high as possible it has lots and lots of potential
Scuba diving itself can be challenging at times. Imagine having a difficult task, like welding, to perform at the same time as scuba diving. This is a task that can cost you your life if not done correctly and as safely as possible.
...ad to use cantilevers which were beams anchored at only one end. These beams carry the load to support where the force is concentrated by a moment and shear stress. Fallingwater indeed was a revolutionary structure due to the fact that it had many unique aspects. From how famous the house became, Fallingwater was featured on the cover of Time magazine, in 1938.
On February 1, 2003, the Space Shuttle Columbia was lost due to structural failure in the left wing. On take-off, it was reported that a piece of foam insulation surrounding the shuttle fleet's 15-story external fuel tanks fell off of Columbia's tank and struck the shuttle's left wing. Extremely hot gas entered the front of Columbia's left wing just 16 seconds after the orbiter penetrated the hottest part of Earth's atmosphere on re-entry. The shuttle was equipped with hundreds of temperature sensors positioned at strategic locations. The salvaged flight recorded revealed that temperatures started to rise in the left wing leading edge a full minute before any trouble on the shuttle was noted. With a damaged left wing, Columbia started to drag left. The ships' flight control computers fought a losing battle trying to keep Columbia's nose pointed forward.
Charles Dickens once quoted, “Life is made of ever so many partings welded together” ("Charles Dickens Quotes" ). Dickens is using welding as a metaphor but had a point behind what he said. There is no greater bond than a weld, if a weld can hold a life together then there is nothing a good weld can not hold. Without welding America would not be the strong country it is today. There would be no skyscrapers, cars, airplanes, boats, major plumbing, or even the chairs in a classroom. Welding even plays a big part in the making of the military from putting together the first tank to the first warship. One could say welding is what put the United States together and is holding it together with all the jobs it has created throughout history. Thus,
This paper explains The History of the US Army Corps of Engineers and its effects on the United States. It will point out key events that created the Corps of Engineers and the reasons it was needed. The content reveals the issues Congress had in the early days of the Revolutionary War and the need presented for a force to build the Nation. During the conflicts that the Corps of Engineers had to endure the conditions were sought out to be some of the worst known to the United States Army. This is, in fact, due to the Corps of Engineers always being asked to fix a problem that no other organization had encountered before. This paper only reveals only a small amount of work the Corps of Engineers took part in. Between conflicts and the
I built my model around the base-isolated concept. Base isolation is one of the most important advanced techniques of earthquake resistant design. A base isolated model is supported by bearing pads which are placed between the buildings and building’s
Also known as Low Mobility Grouting is a technique that improve the strength and stiffness of the soil by injecting low slump, low mobility aggregate grout into it. Since the grout can be injected in the side or at an inclined angle leading to beneath the building, the method can be used whenever the foundation of an existing building needs improvement. This technique can densify loose sands for liquefaction
Aerospace engineers examine, analyze, design, produce, and occasionally install components that make up aircraft, spacecraft, high-altitude vehicles, and high-altitude delivery systems (missiles). Satisfaction with the romantic image of rocket building can buoy many engineers through the highly anonymous work environments that many of them face. Individuals don't assemble rockets; teams do, dozens of teams working in highly supervised coordination. An aerospace engineer plays some part on one of the teams, spending more of her time (roughly 70 percent) in a lab, at a computer, and assembling reports than doing anything else. Not being able to see the "big picture" frustrates some professionals. The path to becoming an aerospace engineer is a rigorous one, but those who manage to survive the difficult lift-off emerge with an above-average degree of career satisfaction.
Web. 21 May 2014. Works Cited Page ‘Petroleum engineering careers, jobs, and career information’ CareerOverview.com N.p. ,n.d. 20 May 2014 ‘Petroleum Engineer Jobs and Careers Educating Engineers.com’ Find Engineering Schools and Degree Programs Educating Engineers.com N.p.
Technical documents describe the benefits, uses, and equations for structural materials. A structural codebook for bamboo does not exist, but the first manual for bamboo design was published in 2000 with the ICC‟s technical document titled Acceptance Criteria for Structural Bamboo, and the second in 2001 with the ISO‟s document Bamboo Structural Design (ISO 22156). The ICC‟s document defines codes and references to use during structural bamboo design and procedures for testing. The ISO document, referred to as ISO 22156, was created to centralize the suggestions of researchers. ISO 22156 is not an international standard, but a step in the recognition of bamboo by other agencies as a structural material and creation of a codebook for design. ISO 22156 has suggestions for design and drawing details to provide adequate guidance essential for proper bamboo structural design. ISO 22156 is summarized to increase understanding of requirements for designing bamboo structures. Traditional knowledge can provide adequate design of bamboo structures, but structural engineering occurs when the engineer verifies the loads on a building and executes a safe, affordable, and sustainable design. Generally, a material has a codebook governing the structural design, which has information regarding equations, detail guidelines, and construction practices. Bamboo has a manual of guidelines, ISO 22156, and empirical design criteria to accommodate quality design practice but requires the dev...
* Engineers must be able to work as part of a team. The ability to
An education is best valued when it is used to serve one’s community at a larger aspect- this belief has been imprinted in my judgment from the commencement of my undergraduate study. This persuasion and a natural aptitude for energy science and mathematics induced me that petroleum engineering is the most fitting career for me and developed a sense in my mind that higher study is mandatory to be competent in this field. I desire a master’s degree in Petroleum Engineering followed by a PhD not only because it is the most fulfilling way to exercise my natural talent as a scholar but also it will give me the opportunity to serve my country as she has paucity of researchers in this discipline.
Ryjevski M. 2008. Design and Construction underground structures and tunnels on Jumeirah palm island. Pg 1091 – 1097.
Chua, Ian Y. H. Civil and Structural Engineering Resource Web. 29 Jan. 2000. 2 Mar.