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Short notes on the Treaty of Versailles
An essay about the Treaty of Versailles and its preconditions
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Introduction The one that has an indisputable locus that would have created major alterations in history is Europe if the continent had only consolidated peace and order from 1914 to 1929. The conflict that started in 1914 between Austria-Hungary and Serbia was the inception of a nexus of events that marked nowadays as the First World War. In this connection, this paper seeks to discuss the impact of fighting on all fronts in Europe and the devastation of its industrial and agricultural aspects. The toll of trench warfare which was apparent during that time will also be explained together with the propaganda that attracted nations to form allies and revolted against Germany. The protests, revolutions, and the end of World War 1 will also be depicted and a concluding remark will summarize the content of the whole sections of the paper. The Impact of War in Europe The collapse of four empires, Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman, was the total impact of fighting on all fronts in Europe. Because of the war, the Treaty of Versailles was laid to settle potential problems and conflicts for the twentieth century. The treaty’s primary purpose was to establish and maintain peace and order, political and economic stability, and to ensure justice for all concerned. Also, the League of Nations was formed to promote global cooperation and attain international peace and order. However, Germany was unsatisfied with the treaty. The whole war was blamed to Germans and they were expected to pay for all the damage they caused. It must be noted that Germany lost a maximum amount of territory and its military declined along with the formation of new independent countries (Strachan 228-238). Moreover, because of the various allies t... ... middle of paper ... ... Manning, Martin J., and Herbert Romerstein. Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda. United States of America: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2004. Print. Self, Peter, and Herbert J. Storing. The State and the Farmer: British Agricultural Policies and Politics. California: University of California Press, 1962. Print. Sheffield, Gary. “The First Battle of the Atlantic.” BBC News. BBC, 3 Oct. 2011. Web. 28 Nov. 2013. . Sowder, Christine. World War 1: Analyzing Visual Primary Sources,World History Series. United States of America: Social Studies School Service, 2007. Print. Strachan, Hew. The Oxford Illustrated History of the First World War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Print. Webster, Jerry A. What Brings A Soldier to His Knees. USA: WestBow Press, 2012. Print.
details the causes of the first World war and describes the first month of the war. The book clearly illustrates how a local war became an entire European struggle by a call to war against Russia. Soon after the war became a world issue.
"Queen's University Archives - World War I." Queen's University Archives - Home. Web. 23 July 2010.
In the morning of March 9, 1916, a number of Villista’s armed to the teeth crossed the border attacking the small town of Columbus, New Mexico. The United States suffered its first attack on its soil since the War of 1812. General Francisco “Poncho” Villa raided and torched the city.1 Washington responded by sending Brigadier General John “Black Jack” Pershing, which lead the “Punitive Expedition” into Mexico.2
The Versailles Peace Treaty of 1918 was the end result of the brutal First World War. Europe was devastated, and the Allied forces were faced with the task of coming to terms with their former German enemy. It is well known that the French were determined to punish Germany; they sought revenge and made little attempt to hide their objective. At the Versailles Peace Conference the struggle between the French and Germans began a new path. The French demanded large reparations payments and several other drastic measures that would keep Germany from ever being capable of attacking them again. The agreement that was reached enacted several harsh measures against Germany. Aside from the huge reparations that they would be forced to pay, the Allied nations forced the Germans to completely demilitarize their military. Germany was also str...
During the early 1900s a new era of warfare emerged as governments began to employ all economic, technological and psychological resources available to defeat their enemies. This concept of Total War altered the direction of humanity and governments understanding in their allocation of resources. This essay will examine the relationship between propaganda used during World War I, its effect on the masses and the absolutely essential need for the success of such campaigns in obtaining military victory. While leaflet propaganda used during the war will be the main focus, considerations will be given to other forms to illuminate the necessity of understanding and utilizing the tools of this very powerful weapon.
"Everywhere in the world was heard the sound of things breaking." Advanced European societies could not support long wars or so many thought prior to World War I. They were right in a way. The societies could not support a long war unchanged. The First World War left no aspect of European civilization untouched as pre-war governments were transformed to fight total war. The war metamorphed Europe socially, politicaly, economically, and intellectualy.
...eaknesses to win their loyalty. Finally, the written agreement of Versailles was purported to represent the peaceful ending to warfare I, however, it became the prelude to a different war. it had been originally an attempt to revive order and supply a peaceful conclusion to warfare I. The sick feelings and economic upheaval that resulted provided the proper climate for Hitler's dominance, in post-war FRG. The contributor’s participants of Versailles had alternative motives behind the peace agreement apart from a peace settlement. Their stingy actions resulted in not solely the economic hardship of FRG, however inflation and state altogether of Europe. The severity of the reparations contained during this document set the stage for history to repeat itself. Therefore the terribly method within which the written agreement of Versailles was forced on the German people.
On November 11th, 1918, the Germans finally ended World War I by signing an armistice after many casualties. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, the “Big Four” met to deliberate and decide what the peace terms would be for the defeated Central Powers. The peace treaty produced for Germany was the Treaty of Versailles, which Germany had no choice but to sign even though the punishment was harsh and deserved. The Treaty of Versailles took away German conquered land, large part of its army, and stated that Germany had to compensate the Allied Powers for the damages they caused.
The Second World War began in September of 1939 and was between the Allies and the Axis. It began with Germany’s unprovoked attack and conquest of Poland, and involved Britain and France from the beginning. Its origins lay in German resentment at the terms of the Treaty of Versailles (1919), the economic crisis of 1929-30, which favored the rise to power of Fascist dictators, the failure of the League of Nations to gain international acceptance for disarmament, and the policy of imperialism adopted by Germany, Italy and Japan as a means of acquiring raw materials and markets. As a part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany had to accept full responsibility for the First World War, which then led up to the outbreak of the Second. The reparations chapter of the Treaty of Versailles was universally condemned in Germany. Article 231, a proclamation of German guilt, had been inserted to establish Germany’s moral responsibility for the war and, therefore, her legal responsibility for all damage to property and persons and was disliked because of the War Guilt clause it contained. Germany, prepared for military conquest by Hitler, remilitarized the Rhineland in violation of the Locarno Pact. The League of Nations failed to react firmly either to this or to the conquest of Ethiopia by Italy under Mussolini. The Second World War was indeed one of the greatest conflicts in history. What started out as a European struggle, soon emerged to the level of worldwide warfare. The Prime Minister of England, Winston Churchill, American President, Franklin Roosevelt and Russian leader, Joseph Stalin were just a few of the leaderships that tried to bring their nations to victory. Although they all could not have “won” the war, these particular three men worked together to form an outstanding alliance system.
With the armistice that took effect November 11,1918, the Great War had come to an end, four long years after it had begun. The German military machine had lost the war, and with it, hopes of German dominance in European affairs. Utterly defeated, the new German government (the Kaiser had abdicated at the end of the war) had no choice but to comply with the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles, despite the fact that Germany was allowed no say in the terms of the treaty. As a result of this treaty, Germany was stripped of all her colonial possessions as well as valuable continental territories, most importantly, Alsace-Lorraine, the Saar, and the Polish Corridor. Her armed forces were restricted to 100,000 men, and restricted from occupying the Rhineland. Furthermore, Germany was held responsible for the war and therefore had to pay reparations for all d...
Faced with harsh peace terms at the end of World War I, Germany was put in the perfect position for extreme political turmoil to rise, along with the need to place the blame for the German defeat. The Treaty of Versailles, which was the Allies’ peace treaty with Germany following World War I, “... took territories from Germany in the east and west, destroyed the Austro-Hungarian Empire, humiliated Germans by including a “war guilt” clause, imposed disarmament, and demanded heavy reparation payments for war damage” (Weisser). This “peace” treaty, littered with bitter terms for Germany, did great harm to the nation. Germany was not only stripped of its once powerful nation by depriving it of its territories and armaments; but also by the destruction of its economy through hyperinflation, a result of printing more money in order to pay reparations. This treaty therefore ruined Germany, putting it in an atrocious state, which would eventually allow for dramatic political change and the placing of blame for the...
Europe at War in 1914 Introduction The events that triggered the First World War began with an unlucky mistake. The First World War, which lasted from 1914 to 1918 known at the time as 'The Great War'. It involved more countries than any previous war. It introduced new technology into warfare, and caused destruction on an unequalled scale. It was 'total war', involving the mobilization, not just of vast armies, but of whole nations.
Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles reads: "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies."(1) These words fueled the Nazi Party's rise to power and ignition of a Second World War. After World War I, the Allies dissected, punished, and disarmed Germany to prevent the outbreak of another brutal war. Consequently, German lands, acquired by Nazi force, were given back to their original countries, and Germany's army was reduced to 100,000 men. In addition, Germany was responsible for paying immense retribution to all of the Allied Forces, causing German money to lose its value. The result of the Treaty of Versailles was a weakened Germany, both martially and economically. The Weimar Republic, a liberal government set up after Germany's defeat, was inefficient in handling Germany's massive problems. Germany's ill state was the curtain call for a change in the Weimar administration, and Adolf Hitler led the push for a transformation. Once in power, Hitler designed laws that redefined the responsibilities of the citizen. The citizens' duties would allow the Germany to regain her autonomy in the eyes of the world. Although the citizens worked to increase Germany's overrall welfare, the State did not attempt to improve individual well-being. The State held one responsibility. It must protect the lives of its people, so that the people can, in turn, carry out their duties for the S...
It can be argued that the treaty settlements at the end of World War I were largely short-sighted but only partially harsh. The Treaty of St Germain which dealt with Austria was harsh as it led to severe economic problems in Austria. Not only the treaty of St Germain, but the Treaty of Versailles, dealing with Germany, also imposed harsh military restrictions on Germany. The treaty settlements were short-sighted as it led to the rise of Nazi Germany and resulted in the power vacuum in central Europe. However, it cannot be said that the treaty settlements were completely harsh as the economical and territorial terms of the Treaty of Versailles were reasonable and not impossible for Germany to abide by.
It is to be noted that farmers in England are among the most productive farmers in the world. The new methods of farming brought mass production in the early 18th century, leading to the Agricultural revolution. “In the early eighteenth century, Britain exported wheat, rising from 49,000 quarters in 1700 to a massive peak of 950,000 quarters in 1750”. The whole benefit of the Agricultural revolution was shared among aristocratic landholders. They were the only top authorities, as the English throne was already overthrown by the aristocratic class in 1688 during the Glorious Revolution.... ...