Only once in a lifetime will a new invention come about to touch every aspect of our lives. Such a device that changes the way we work, live, and play is a special one, indeed. The Microprocessor has been around since 1971 years, but in the last few years it has changed the American calculators to video games and computers (Givone
1). Many microprocessors have been manufactured for all sorts of products; some have succeeded and some have not. This paper will discuss the evolution and history of the most prominent 16 and 32 bit microprocessors in the microcomputer and how they are similar to and different from each other.
Because microprocessors are a subject that most people cannot relate to and do not know much about, this paragraph will introduce some of the terms that will be in- volved in the subsequent paragraphs. Throughout the paper the 16-bit and 32-bit mi- croprocessors are compared and contrasted. The number 16 in the 16-bit microproces- sor refers how many registers there are or how much storage is available for the mi- croprocessor (Aumiaux, 3). The microprocessor has a memory address such as A16, and at this address the specific commands to the microprocessor are stored in the memory of the computer (Aumiaux, 3). So with the 16-bit microprocessor there are
576 places to store data. With the 32-bit microprocessor there are twice as many places to store data making the microprocessor faster.
Another common term which is mentioned frequently in the paper is the oscil- lator or the time at which the processors “clock” ticks. The oscillator is the pace maker for the microprocessor which tells what frequency the microprocessor can proc- ess information, this value is measured in Mega-hertz or MHz. A nanosecond is a measurement of time in a processor, or a billionth of a second. This is used to measure the time it takes for the computer to execute an instructions, other wise knows as a cy- cle. There are many different types of companies of which all have their own family of processors. Since the individual processors in the families were developed over a fairly long period of time, it is hard to distinguish which processors were introduced in order. This paper will mention the families of processors in no particular order. The first microprocessor that will be discussed is the family of microprocessors called the
9900 series manufactured by Texas Instruments during the mid-70s and was developed
The system clock is a 24-hour timer and has no physical concept of time, nothing like the real-time clock that tracks the time and date. In actual fact, the system clock has no concept of hours, minutes or seconds. The real time clock increments a counter 18.2 times per second. T...
· Speed - the ability to perform a movement in a short period of time.
That is for a spring the time taken for it to move to and fro once is
In the history of mankind, there were many inventions that changed the lifestyle of humans. The inventions and discoveries by many great ingenious minds simplified our life today. Man has addicted to the technology to such an extent that the use of various technologies has become part of his life. Could we envision a day without utilizing a cellular phone or a computer? It is sometimes astonishing how people in the olden times used to lead their lives, before these inventions were made. Of all the inventions that were made, a very few inventions caused a sharp turn in the way we are living today. Thomas Edison is one such person who brought an influential change in the world [1].
1992: NEXTSTOP operating system was launched by Next for Intel Corp. that had 486 processors. It wasn’t successful in the rivalry from Microsoft Corp’s Windows and IBM Corp’s
was introduce in 1971. IBM then came out with more advance computers such as System/38 in 1978 and the AS / 400 in 1988.
Processor Speed: It is the speed that the CPU takes to process and do tasks of the computer. The processing speed is measured in Gigahertz. The speed of this laptop is 2GHz.
A couple of years ago when Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) introduced it’s K5 microprocessor, the phrase “too little, too late'; was plastered across their name countless times. At that time, if anyone were to name an underdog to the Intel dominated microprocessor market, Cyrix with their dirt-cheap 5x86 processor would have been the favorite.
Instruction-Level Parallelism - When instructions are combined into groups and then executed in parallel. Modern processors have pipelining in which each stage performs a different instruction.
Buffering is done in order to cope with data mismatch between the users of the data stream, for adaptation of devices that have different data-transfer sizes. Where buffers
In 1953 it was estimated that there were 100 computers in the world. Computers built between 1959 and 1964 are often regarded as the "second generation" computers, based on transistors and printed circuits - resulting in much smaller computers. 1964 the programming language PL/1 released by IBM. 1964 the launch of IBM 360. These first series of compatible computers. In 1970 Intel introduced the first RAM chip. In 1975 IBM 5100 was released. In 1976 the Apple Computer Inc. was founded, to market Apple I Computer. Designed to Stephen Wozinak and Stephan Jobs. In 1979 the first compact disk was released around 1981 IBM announced PC, the standard model was sold for $2,880.00.
Silicon is a metalloid and has the atomic number of 14 on the periodic table of elements. It is one of the most abundant elements in the universe, and usually is contained in dirt, soil, sand, and it makes up of about 27.7% of the Earth’s mass (Abundances of the Elements in the Earth's Crust, , Hyperphysics, Georgia State Univ.). One of the special features of silicon is that it is a semiconductor. This means that under certain circumstances, silicon will conduct electricity. Scientists have harnessed this special characteristic of silicon and invented the microchip.
There is no doubt that the accomplishments made through technology are astonishing. Technology has made amazing impacts on everything from science in space to medical science to the devices we use every day that make our lives easier. People are living longer and better than ever before, but we can’t forget how to live without it. “Just because technology is there and makes something easier doesn’t mean we should rely on it so much that we can’t think for ourselves,” (Levinson).
Processor speeds are measured in megahertz (MHz) and now come in speeds of up to 1000 MHz (1 GHz), which is very fast. This is almost ten times faster than the speed of most home computers, which average from 133 MHz to 166 MHz. Intel and AMD have been in a race to break the 1 GHz speed barrier, and the number of megahertz in the newest processors is not as significant as it was in earlier processors. For example, the difference between a 133 MHz processor and a 166 MHz processor is
We have the microprocessor to thank for all of our consumer electronic devices, because without them, our devices would be much larger. Microprocessors are the feat of generations of research and development. Microprocessors were invented in 1972 by Intel Corporation and have made it so that computers could shrink to the sizes we know today. Before, computers took a room because the transistors or vacuum tubes were individual components. Microprocessors unified the technology on one chip while reducing the costs. Microprocessor technology has been the most important revolution in the computer industry in the past forty years, as microprocessors have allowed our consumer electronics to exist.