There are thousands of examples of situations where people of color, white
women, and working class women and men of all races who were previously excluded
from jobs or educational opportunities, or were denied opportunities once admitted, have
gained access through affirmative action. When these policies received executive branch
and judicial support, vast numbers of people of color, white women and men have gained
access they would not otherwise have had. These gains have led to very real changes.
Affirmative action programs have not eliminated racism, nor have they always been
implemented without problems. However, there would be no struggle to roll back the
gains achieved if affirmative action policies were ineffective. Affirmative action is not
about opening opportunities for unqualified individuals, but instead is designed to
increase the number of qualified applicants for employment, no matter what gender or
race they may happen to be.
“ Affirmative action is not about quotas. It’s an attempt to open more
opportunities for women and people of color through aggressive recruitment and outreach
greater access to academic institutions and the work place and not exclude people on the
basis of race or gender (Holhut3). Affirmative action in the employment status consist of
publicizing job notices in places where everyone can see: recruitment: eliminating
discriminatory hiring and setting goals towards increasing opportunities for those that
were previously discriminated against. However, Affirmative action programs not only
take steps for women and minorities, but also disabled veterans, and emotionally and
economically disabled.
Affirmative action measures were established to fight racial discrimination. The
federal government mandated affirmative action programs to redress racial inequality and
injustice in a series of steps beginning with an executive order issued by president
Kennedy in 1961 (Thomas4). The Civil Rights Act of 1964 made discrimination illegal
and established equal employment opportunity for all Americans regardless of race,
cultural differences, colo or religion. Subsequent executive orders in particular executive
order11246 issued by President Johnson in September 1965, mandated affirmative action
goals for all federally funded programs and moved monitoring and enforcement of
affirmative action programs out of the White House and into the labor department
(Holhut3). These policies and the government action that followed were a response to
the tremendous mobilization of African Americans and white supporters during the late
1950’s and early 1960’s pushing for integration and racial justice (Kivel2).
An area that affirmative action address is selective hiring programs. Many times
The Puritans do not reassure their families of their faith as Faust describes Civil War soldiers, and they don 't have final moments with their families as the dying do with Ariès’ Tame Death. The Puritans live in a constant state of fear of death and fear for their own salvation. For the Puritans, there was no sure way to know if anyone was truly going to heaven or hell, but there were visual signs of the ones who were predetermined for salvation. Although, these people were not allowed to show any sign that they themselves believed they were saved. “In other words, the best sign of assurance was to be unsure (Stannard 75).” The Puritans called death “the King of Terrors;” which there is a certain nobility to a type of faith that is based off of pure fear of the chance of being predetermined to
majority, does not advance the cause of minorities in a meaningful way, and needs to be
The Partition of India led to millions of people displaced and marked as one of the largest mass migration ever over the world. August 15, 1947 was a very significant day for Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs and many others. It marked the day of the British partition of India, and India won its freedom from colonial rule, ending nearly 200 years of British rule. This successful attainment of independence from colonial rule defined a narrative of religious nationalism, but also has led to displacement and violence between the two nation states of India and Pakistan. Once a peaceful union of Muslims and Hindus had become separated, whereas Muslims got Pakistan and Hindus got an independent India (Best et al, 2008). “The Other Side of Silence” (Butalia, 2000, pp.264-300) the oral testimony of a Punjabi woman Maya Rani, who was a child living in Pakistan during the Partition. Her testimony was crucial to understand the historiography of the event, because she was a witness of the impact of the Partition, but she was not directly involved in the violence that the emergence and independence of India that has brought.
Many statistical ideas were mentioned in the Barron’s guide. In the topic called Graphing Display the Barron’s guide discusses the different types of graphs, measures of center and spread, including outliers, modes, and shape. Summarizing Distributions mentions different ways of measuring the center, spread, and position, including z-scores, percentile rankings, and the Innerquartile Range, and its role in finding outliers. Comparing Distributions discusses the different types of graphical displays and the situations in which each type is most useful or appropriate. The section on Exploring Bivariate Data explains scatter plots in depth, discussing residuals, influential points and transformations, and other topics specific to scatter plots. Conditional relative frequencies and association, and marginal frequencies for two-way tables were explained in the section entitled Exploring Categorical Data. Overview of Methods of Data Collection explained the difference between censuses, surveys, experiments, and observational studies. Surveys are discussed more in depth in Planning and Conducting Surveys, including characteristics of a well-designed and well-conducted survey, and sources of bias. Planning and Conducting Experiments explains experiments in depth; going over confounding, control groups, placebo effects, and blinding, as well as randomization. Basic rules for probability are discussed in Probability as Relative Frequency, including the law of large numbers, addition rule, and multiplication rule. Other topics discussed in this section include the different types of probability calculations. Combining Independent Random Variables discusses manners in which two variables can be compared to each other and things to be wary of while doing so.
Khan, Yasmin. The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan. New Haven: Yale UP, 2007. Print.
Affirmative action is an attempt by the United States to amend a long history of racial discrimination and injustice. Our school textbook defines affirmative action as “a program established that attempts to improve the chances of minority applicants for educational or employment purposes, although they may have the same qualifications, by giving them leverage so that they can attain a level that is equal to caucasian applicants” (Berman 522). There are people that support and oppose this issue. Opponents of affirmative action have many reasons for opposing this issue, one of them being that the battle for equal rights is over, and that this advantage made for people of color discriminates against people that are not of color. The people that defend affirmative action argue this advantage is needed because of how badly discriminated the people of color once were. Because of the discrimination that once was these people claim that they are at a disadvantage, and always have been, therefore equality of opportunity is needed. It is also said that affirmative action is used to encourage diversity and integration. This paper will discuss the history of affirmative action, how it is implemented in society today, and evaluate the arguments that it presents.
Affirmative Action is a policy in the United States of America. It is in use to help minorities get equal treatment in admissions policies for big businesses and higher educational programs. In one way or another, this policy affects almost every person in America. It affects people directly, and most commonly, indirectly. When this policy affects people, it usually affects them in a negative way. When Affirmative Action first started, it was a descent policy, but with changes in society, it has become a policy that does more harm than good. Since this is what the policy currently does, Affirmative Action should be out of use for every application it has a function for. So, this policy should be out of every law book in America to eliminate the negative impact that it is causing. Affirmative Action is outdated because it is turning into a reverse discrimination policy.
Affirmative Action Affirmative action can be defined as action taken to compensate for past unfairness in the education of minorities. The current system of affirmative action allows universities to admit applicants from certain ethnic and minority groups with lower credentials. The main purpose of affirmative action is to produce a diverse campus population that is comparable to today's society. The use of race as a facto by which someone is admitted to college in the long run will compromise the quality of the university. Implicating affirmative action to solve the problem of diversity on today's campuses has lead to the creation of problems.
When people talk about the civil rights movement, the first thing that comes to mind is the famous speech “I have a dream” by Martin Luther King. His dream in short was to have equality among human beings. For the past thirty years, this country has been revolutionizing humanitarianism because there is greater concern for human welfare than one hundred years ago. The revolution began during the 1960’s, and during that era this country was drastically involved in changing the civil rights of minority groups. From this concern, a program called affirmative action evolved. Like other civil right movements, the affirmative action movement was implemented to promote equality.
"I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed. We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal." - Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (6). Dr. King stated this in his famous “I have a Dream" speech in Washington, D.C. in 1963. Is affirmative action still needed in America? Affirmative action is still needed because America does not have enough equality and diversity. Almost all of our American history dealt with inequality between the white men and the black men. As time went on, nothing has changed and is still seen in today’s society. There are two definitions of affirmative action: 1) race-neutral, gender-neutral assurance against actual discrimination and 2) racial-preferences and gender-preferences for the correct races and genders (3). Most Americans associate affirmative action with the second definition, causing much controversy. However, the true and intended meaning of affirmative action is the first one. Affirmative action is essential in America because Americans do not have sufficient diversity and equality in our society.
National unity and ideology are the major political concerns in post colonial societies, that is why they used to apply assimilation strategy. This strategy is applied by the dominant groups. These groups might not hesitate to use state force in their own favour. So the state’s policies favour the powerful and dominant group. Pakistan is also one of the examples of plural societies. Here the state used to adopt assimilation policies to create national unity. Resultantly, the state has lost its Eastern Part. Still, various ethnic groups off and on show their resentment and different ethno nationalist movements are in the struggle to preserve identity. Following table is also helpful to show how the state of Pakistan
Many business managers today are not aware to the response that motivation can have on their business. The size of the business is not a factor when considering motivation: whether you’re trying to get full potential from one hundred or an individual everyone is in need of some form of motivation. It is something that is tackled differently by different organisations and the reasonability of its integration lies with all the supervisors of staff. It is essential to understand the various tactics that managers and supervisors will use to motivate there working staff, also why it’s important to initiate extrinsic and intrinsic motivation techniques with the correct work design into the work place for optimum results. “There is only one way…to get anybody to do anything. And that is by making the other person want to do it” Dale Carnegie.
The Pearson product moment correlation is the most frequently utilized measure of relationships (Salkind, 2012). The symbol for this relationship is the letter r which represents the variables being correlated. Furthermore, the symbol rxy characterizes a correlation between two variables, X and Y. When computing a correlation, one requires a pair of scores, for example, reading scores and math scores for each group the researcher is working with. In the case of computing the correlation between the hours a group studies and test scores, one should measure the number of hours spent and the results of test for each individual. A good way to represent the findings is the use of scattergram, also known as scatter plot. Scattergrams provide a visual depiction of the correlation coefficient of the relationship between two variables, X and Y. They are very beneficial for researchers to determine correlation coefficients. Essentially, a correlation is a measure of how two different variables relate to one another, how they co-relate. A scattergram shows that co-relation on a diagram.
Greg Philio argues that textual analysis is not enough when researching media, on its own textual analysis fails to tell us how the text was produced as well as how it was consumed and interpreted. Philio examines this idea by stating that we fail to know the origins of the media such as where they came from and how they relate to different social interests. It also lacks the possible accounts chosen and the diversity within them as well as the impacts of external factors such as the journalists understanding and what the text actually means to different audiences (Philo, 2007). Philio continues further to state that there are more issues with a text only analysis, the accuracy of representations, the significance the text has on the audience and how it changes in diverse social interests. Philio argues that analysis should explore the accuracy of the text, is it right or wrong? Is it politically significant? A discourse analysis for instance fails to address this point which Philio uses as an example. In order to
Lawrence Auster wrote an eye-opening blog excerpt titled India and Pakistan: Why the Mass Killing Occurred. The content of this excerpt explore the fundamental issues of identity and religion that led to the violence in 1947. The author makes his point by utilizing current event such as the train massacre in 2002, in which 50 Hindu women and children were burned alive. The blog is for an audience with some prior knowledge on the topic and continues to expand upon that knowledge. The blog is a secondary source because it introduces its own unique ideas regarding the issue and was written after the time of the event. It was very helpful to my research because it simplifies the wordy information often found on scholarly sites and condenses it into something comprehensible and relatable to the reader.