Public Safety or Public Trickery
In past years, the debate over human and mountain lion interaction has been quite heated. The California Legislature has addressed issues concerning the hunting of mountain lions for over 80 years. On March 26, 1996, the most recent ballot measure deciding the fate of the California cougar (Felis concolor), Proposition 197, was not passed. This would have repealed the 1990 passing of Proposition 117, which banned all trophy hunting of mountain lions, allowing only trained Department of Fish and Game officials to kill lions that became a threat to public safety and welfare. While compassion is felt for the victims of the relatively few mountain lion attacks, the denial of Proposition 197, which would have ended a 25 year ban on cougar hunting, was a victory for the California cougar as well as the welfare of California wildlife.
Traditional Beliefs
Before current knowledge of mountain lion activity had been researched, it was commonly believed that mountain lions were ferocious killers which crept down from the mountains to indulge in midnight feasts on livestock and pets. Of course, the worst harbored fear was the possibility of losing children, family and friends to these wild predators. Besides the past 25 years, little concern was given to the condition of mountain lion populations in California and much of the western United States. Between 1916 and 1971, more than 12,000 mountain lions were killed for bounties and for sport in California (California Wildlife Protection Coalition, 1995).
Past Legislation
By 1968 mountain lion populations plummeted to an estimated 600, resulting in rapid action of wildlife organizations and state officials. Governor Ronald Reagan became convinced that a moratorium on hunting mountain lions was necessary to protect California's last cougars from extinction. In 1971, he signed a moratorium against trophy hunting of mountain lions (California Wildlife Protection Coalition, 1995). The moratorium lasted 25 years until it was finalized in 1990 by the passing of Proposition 117 : California Wildlife Protection Act of 1990 (Knowles, 1995). In 1994, the National Rifle Association (N.R.A.) and supporters of hunting organizations used the media to spawn public paranoia regarding recent attacks and population resurgence of California mountain lions. With this public support, trophy hunters hoped the passing of Proposition 197 would once again allow them to decimate the lion population for the sake of ëdecorative wall-mountings.
Recent Controversy
The past 25 years have proven quite prosperous for the mountain lion population as their numbers have been currently estimated at 4,000-6,000.
(1) Most Field and Stream enthusiasts know that cougars are a fast and agile animal that can live for many years with no real predator other than humans. Another name for the cougar is the well used mountain lion which many Eastern states have named stores, schools, and even sports teams after. The distinction that the Mississippi river stops cougars from traveling into Eastern states can’t be proven because there are many animals in the West that are in the East. In Craig Springer’s "A Rumor of Cougar" article posted in the Field and Stream magazine depicts falsehood due to three interesting fallacies, a fallacy of distraction and two causal fallacies. [SS-1]
The wolves beat the hunters in the recent, and highly contested, wolf and coyote derby in Salmon, ID. Wolves eluded the participants for the entire two-day hunt, but 21 coyotes were not so fortunate. The absence of any wolf kills, however, has not lessened the intensity of the controversy, nor the temperature of the debates. Wolves are a touchy subject, no matter the stance; as with most hotly contested issues, there is an abundance of information, but not all of it is correct.
Geographic segmentation is when the market is divided into locations, regions, countries, cities, states and so forth. In the advertisement, geographical segmentation is identifiable when the guy, Ian Rappaport is taken from the bar into the city, where they make a stop in actress; Minka Kelly’s dressing room and they move on further to another location where he meets actor; Don Chead...
Despite the great efforts put forth during the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 in which the black community and its supporters refused to use public transportation, transport segregation still remained in some southern states. As a result the civil rights group, the Congress on Racial Inequality (C.O.R.E.), began to organize what they called “freedom rides.” In 1961, the group began sending student volunteers on bus trips to test the implementation of new laws prohibiting segregation in interstate travel facilities (Peck, 161). Most notable was a trip they took from Washington, D.C., making stops in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. Upon arrival the group was met with violence and brutality from the Ku Klux Klan and others, but this did not deter them from getting their voice heard. In September 1961, the Attorney General petitioned the Interstate Commerce Commission to draft a policy making racial segregation in bus terminals illegal, and in November this was put into effect. The Freedom Riders gave national publicity to the discrimination that black Americans were forced to endure and, in doing so, helped bring about change not only in bus terminals but in the nation as a whole.
Human encounters with mountain lions are rare and the risk of an attack is small. These animals are not classified as endangered, however, “wildlife experts acknowledged they are increasingly concerned about Southern California’s cougar population.” For the
On September 21, 1874 Gustav Holst was born in Cheltenham, England. As the son of accomplished pianist, Adolph Holst, he began playing the piano from a young age and also practiced the violin. Despite the joy he had when playing music, he was a miserable child who was weak and suffered from asthma and anemia. At age 11 his father sent him to Cheltenham Grammar School in the hopes of having Gustav follow in his footsteps and become a proficient pianist. During this time he learned how to play the trombone. When he was older he found an interest in composing and in 1892 composed the two-act operetta, Lansdown Castle. Shortly after, in 1895, Holst won a scholarship to attend the Royal College of Music to further study composition. It was here that he wrote his first opera under the guidance of his professor, Charles Stanford, titled The Revoke. In 1898 Holst left the Royal College of Music for the Carl Rosa Opera Company where he was later appointed as first trombone. Throughout his experience at Carl Rosa, Holst was able to learn how an orchestra worked which would later assist him in his future compositions.
The controversy surrounding the reintroduction of the wolves are many from both sides. Some local farmers are against it because some wolves hunt their animals. However, if the farmers can prove their animal was attacked by a wolf, then the government would reimburse them for the animals value. Another problem is that some taxpayers are against the reintroduction because it cost them money to get the wolves back into the park. Another issue for taxpayers is that they have to pay for the damage the wolves do to the farmer’s animals.
The Freedom Riders had many goals they wanted to accomplish. The Congress of Racial Equality, CORE for short, “proposed a new “Journey of Reconciliation” called the “Freedom Rides.” Freedom Rides played a big part in getting the Civil Rights Movement more attention.” Groups of blacks and whites would ride a bus to the south and purposely go against the social norm (“Freedom Rides”). CORE started these bus rides to test whether the buses and stations were following the Supreme Court rulings (“Freedom Riders”). There were many reasons that had triggered these goals. “The [Jim Crow] laws affected almost every aspect of daily life, mandating segregation of schools, parks, libraries, drinking fountains, restrooms, buses, trains, and restaurants. “Whites Only” and “Colored” signs were constant reminders of the enforced racial order.” Colored people also had to endure what they called “separate but equal”. This was a complete lie because blacks and whites can both use a drinking fountain, for example, but the whites’ drinking fountain is more clean and taken care of, while the blacks are dirty and less cared for. So...
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