Equine Protozoal Myeloencepalitis
Equine Protozoal Myeloencepalitis is a serious neurological disease in horses caused by a parasite protozoa thought to be sarcosystis neurona. The disease was first identified in the 1960’s when lesions and inflammation were seen in the brain and spinal cords of horses that had died of severe neurologic disease. Protozoa were discovered on the lesions in 1974, however the vector was unknown and the disease considered rare.
Recently the opossum has been isolated as the probable vector and the likely parasite organism identified as Sarcosystis falcatula. (Fenger, 1996)
The Sarcosystis protozoan parasites have a complicated life cycle. They exist in two distinct forms. One in the definitive host (a carnivore like the opossum) and one in a secondary or intermediate host (wild birds that the opossum feeds on). It reproduces in the digestive tract of the definitive host and passes infective sporocysts in the feces, which are then taken in by the secondary host. There the sporocysts migrate to the muscles and can persist for years until the secondary host is eaten by the definitive host. The protozoa are usually very host specific (requiring a specific carnivore to reproduce), and most likely neither host show any clinical signs of disease. (U. Missouri… 1999)
The horse is an unfortunate casualty in this cycle; it is infected when feces of the opossum are ingested with their food material. The horse is a dead-end host, meaning it is not required in the parasite’s life cycle and therefore the disease cannot be transmitted from horse to horse. Several interesting facts put forth by the University of Missouri: EPM is seen only in parts of the world that are inhabited by opossum specifically the Americas. It has been estimated that seroprevalence (indicating exposure) in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Kentucky is as high as 50%, however only a small percentage (2-3%) of those exposed will become ill with symptoms. Native wild birds infected are not likely to show any symptoms, however non-native birds become acutely ill and die from S. falcatula exposure. (U. Missouri… 1999)
Primary clinical signs of EPM occur from swelling and nerve death in the central nervous system as a result of the replicating protozoa. Neurologic signs can be directly referable to the site or sites of infection. The spinal cord is most often affected resulting in the “three A” symptoms of asymmetric ataxia and focal muscle atrophy.
(Fenger, 1996) Ataxia affects the horse’s sense of position in space.
The meningeal worm is also known as the brain worm, or the deer worm. It frequently infects llamas and alpacas, but can infect other species as well like moose, elk, goats, and sheep. The meningeal worm is an internal parasite that is a part of the protostrongylidae family with the definitive host being the common white tailed deer. Even though they are the host, adult meningeal worms rarely cause clinical signs of disease in the deer. The white tail deer’s tolerance to infection from these worms is actually beneficial to the parasite because the white tail deer are the only species that will allow the worm to complete their life cycle. So alpacas and llamas are unsuitable hosts and that is why the meningeal worm is such a threat to them. It can cause varying degrees of damage to their central nervous system. “The cerebrospinal fluid tap is especially useful for diagnosing meningeal worm and ruling out other diseases.” (Whitehead, Bedenice 2009.) Ruling out other diseases helps to narrow down what could be ...
Not long after its discovery, CEM became one of the most internationally recognized diseases in the equine industry (Timoney, 2011). Contagious Equine Metritis has been reported in 29 countries, including Japan, Australia, and countries in Europe, North America and South America (Timoney, 2011). Additionally, Schulman et al. (2013) state that there have been 146 confirmed cases of CEM in 12 countries between the years 2000 and 2012, most of which were related to non-Thoroughbred horses and artificial breeding populations. Recent outbreaks of CEM have occurred in the U.S. in 2008-09, South Africa in 2011, and the UK in 2012 (Schulman et al., 2013). Incidences of the disease are reported mainly in Europe, but the exact distribution is ha...
Ever wonder what kind of parasites are in your water, or how they can enter in to your body to make you very sick? Well it is most definite that no on want to get sick. The information found in this paper was collected over the past month, either by going to the library or by accessing information off the Internet at home, almost every night. The point that will be given to you is a little in information about the infectious disease called Schistosomiasis. The points the main points will be the causative agents, symptoms, hosts, methods of transmission and history of the disease. So lets see what Schistosomiasis is.
In Cordelia’s comments we see that she has been his most doting and affectionate daughter through her life “Then poor Cordelia! And yet not so, since I am sure my love’s more ponderous than my tongue”(King Lear Act I sc i lines 77-79). However just because she cant lie to her father about the extent of her love she is thrown out of the family “Good my lord, You have begot me, bred me, loved me. I Return those duties back as right fit obey you, love you, and most honor you” (Act I sc i ln 96-98). Cordelia is the only one of her sibling that has loved he father and done her duty. In doing so she has given everything that she could possibly give. No good deed going unpunished, she is exiled, and removed of her dowry. She had no words; all she had was love for her
In his madness, King Lear is hiding from Cordelia in cornfields. He is so, “overwhelmed with shame and remembers how unkind he was to her” (IV.iii. 42-43). King Lear remembers how at the beginning of the play, he disowned his daughter and gave her no part of his kingdom. He did this after she refused to flatter her father and told him that she, “gives back just as she should: I obey you, love you, and honour you” (I.i.95-96). He realizes that his other two daughters, Goneril and Regan, to whom he gave his inheritance, just used fake words to flatter him. He comes to recognize they were disloyal and disrespected him as a father after they disowned him and took away his knights. It is only Cordelia who truly loves him and comes searching for him after she learns of her sisters’ cruel behaviour towards him. This realization shows how he has evolved as a character and how Cordelia had a, “significant role in effecting change in the figure of Lear” (LeBlanc,
In the world of international finance there are two major accounting systems; GAAP, which stands for Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, and IFRS, which stands for International Financial Reporting Standards. The United States prefers GAAP while the European market, as well as many other countries, prefers IFRS. By 2015 the Securities Exchange Commission is anticipating a total transfer to IFRS in the United States. Though the differences between GAAP and IFRS are few, they could affect accuracy of financial reporting throughout the world. It is important to understand the differences and similarities between both GAAP and IFRS if one is to globalize ones market (Logue).
The plot of King Lear is set in motion by the conversation between Lear and his daughters. In return for their love and honour, he will give them land and power. The fact that they are daughters and not sons is significant because Lear demands their total love, trying to put them into a mother role: something he would not do if they were men. Goneril and Regan are neither noble nor truthful and they have no problem lying to their father for their own personal gain. While Regan claims "I am alone felicitate/ In your dear Highness' love." (I.i.75-76) and later treats her father in the most reprehensible manner, Cordelia denies Lear's unnatural request saying, "Sure, I shall never marry like my sisters/ To love my father all" (I.i.103-104). Her truthful refusal to proclaim total love for her father proves her to be the actual loving daughter but results in her banishment. From this first scene, the characters' alliances and allegiances are forged and all that follows is directly resultant.
Researchers from the Animal Parasitic Laboratory and Agriculture Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture concluded that the linage of Trichinella spiralis originated from Europe over several thousand years ago (Rosenthal, LaRosa, Zarlenga, Dumans, Chunyu, Mingyuan & Pozio, 2008). This is the approximate time when pigs were first domesticated in that region. This implies that the species Trichinella spiralis was introduced to the Americas from pigs. However, there is evidence that the early people of this world, hominid hunters, have consumed foodborne parasites by hunting wild game from millions of years before. Today, swine is governed on the ensuing transmission, and evolutionary diversification.
King Lear had come so accustomed to his praise, that it is the sole thing he lived for, he needed it to survive, his treatment as a king was his Achilles heel in this play. He wanted to step down as king and divide his kingdom into 3 sections, giving them to his daughters to rule. Goneril and Regan were more than willing to accommodate his request to demonstrate their love for their father and king by professing their love to him in dramatic fashion combined with a good bit of exaggeration. While Cordelia on the other hand, found it a struggle to profess what she thought to be known by her father and king, she states, “Unhappy that I am, I cannot heave / My heart into my mouth. I love your majesty / According to my bond; nor more nor less (Scene 1.1, Lines 91-93).
Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a single celled parasitic organism, one of the world's most common parasites, infecting most warm- blooded species. The only known hosts for the protist are members of family Felidae (domestic cats and their relatives).
...ct between Regan and Goneril on the one side and Cordelia on the other is a situation of trust and betrayal that appeals to the most basic of human feelings. These portrayals of fundamental human conflicts; trust and betrayal, good and evil, logical and insane, as they are shown in King Lear appeal as much to human minds of all levels of education today as the did in Elizabethan England.
This disease is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions around the world including some parts of Africa, Asia, South and North America. It is found in impove...
The first flaw in King Lear is his arrogance, which results in the loss of Cordelia and Kent. It is his arrogance in the first scene of the play that causes him to make bad decisions. He expects his favorite, youngest daughter to be the most worthy of his love. His pride makes him expect that Cordelia’s speech to be the one filled with the most love. Unfortunately for King Lear’s pride, Cordelia replies to his inquisition by saying, “I love your majesty/According to my bond and nothing less';(1.1.100-101). Out of pride and anger, Lear banishes Cordelia and splits the kingdom in half to the two evil sisters, Goneril and Regan. This tragic flaw prevents King Lear from seeing the truth because his arrogance overrides his judgement. Lear’s arrogance also causes him to lose his most faithful servan...
The globalization of business has resulted in the need for compatible accounting standards that can be used internationally for financial reporting. As a result, the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) were developed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) to unify the various financial reporting methods and create a single accounting standard which can be applied to any financial statement worldwide (Byatt). The global standardization of financial reporting will increase the readability and enhance comparability of globally traded companies’ financial statements, without the need of conversion or translation. There are a few main differences between the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and the U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (U.S GAAP). The increasing recognition and acceptance of the International Financial Reporting Standards by accounting professionals in the United States, will affect the way in which the U.S will record financial statements in the future.
King Lear was a tragic hero that was born into nobility, endowed with a tragic flaw and doomed to make a serious error in judgement. King Lear was born into nobility. "He owned vast amounts of land and ruled over many people. Give me the map there. know that we have divided In three our Kingdom." Not only was King Lear born into nobility he was responsible for his own fate. He disowned his daughter Cordelia and made his other two daughters rulers of his land once divided into three now divided into two. His two daughters really did not love him they just wanted the land and power. They turned against their father and had him sentenced to death by Edmund. Lear's death was his own fault. This reason came about because of King Lear's tragic flaw, his pride. Pride is also his reason of how he is a tragic hero. "Tell me, my daughters,-- Since now we will divest us both of rule, Interest of territory, cares of state,-- Which of you shall we say doth love us most, That we our largest bounty may extend Where nature doth with merit challenge?" King Lear was egotistic in the first act where he asked his daughters who loved him most. When he found out his favorite daughter Cordelia did not have much to say about his love for him he disowned her and divided his land to his two evil daughters Regan and Goneril, "From whom we do exist, and cease to be; Here I disclaim all my paternal care, Propinquity and property of blood, And as a stranger to my heart and me Hold thee, from this, for ever." This was also the error in King Lear's judgement.