Stirrups
The American Heritage Dictionary (3rd edition) defines a stirrup as "a loop or ring hung from either side of a horse's saddle to support the rider's foot" (The American Heritage Dictionary 799). Stirrups were invented by the Chinese in the year 477 A.D., and by the early Middle Ages the countries of Japan, India and Korea seem to have adopted its use. Stirrups became known in Persia, Byzantium and France in the 7th or early 8th century A.D.. Before stirrups were invented, riders had to use "a wooden stool or [they leaped] directly on to the horse's back" (Gans 1). Stirrups provided riders with much greater stability while on horseback especially during battles with lances and swords.
A number of historians believed that the invention of the stirrups created the rise of feudalism. This belief caused what is called the great stirrup controversy still going on up to the present day. There has been several theories proposed pertaining to this controversy. For example, Heinrich Brunner in 1887 said that "feudalism was a wide effect of the development of mounted shock warfare by the Franks" (Gans 1). Brunner's stance of the controversy is that he believes that the rise of feudalism was not caused by the introduction of the stirrup but was caused by the Frankish army's envy of the fighting ability of the Moslem cavalry. As a result, the Frankish army became primarily a cavalry army. Before that time, the Frankish army used to fight on foot using a long handled ax called a francisca. Heinrich Brunner proposes that the Frankish army transformed itself from an infantry force to a mounted cavalry between 732 A.D. to 891 A.D. in an article he published called "Knights' Service and the Origins of Feudalism" (Gans 1).
The American Heritage Dictionary (3rd edition) defines cavalry as "troops trained to fight on horseback or in light armored vehicles" and feudalism as "a political and economic system of medieval Europe by which a landowner granted land to a vassal in exchange for homage and military service" (The American Heritage Dictionary 141, 312). Lynn White Jr. in 1962 said that both feudalism and cavalry was caused by the introduction of the stirrup. White agrees with Brunner's argument that "it was true that feudalism arose out of military necessity but that Brunner's details were wrong" (Gans 1).
Ayn Rand’s novella, Anthem, shows a totalitarian society that suppresses the ideology of individualism. Within these societies children live apart from their families and grow up without any inherited characteristics of being an individual person. Anthem is an example of this kind of society because it showcases the link between a totalitarian dictator’s powers to the oppression of individualism found in children that live apart from their families. Totalitarian dictators enforce the arrangement of children living separate from their families because it oppresses individualism and allows for a better grasp of beneficial control over the society.
The question arises about the ethics of making organ donation mandatory. From religions to freedom to fear, there are many pros and cons between the legality of the situation, but it all boils down to the freedom citizens have been given, which makes mandatory organ donation unethical. Lately, this has been an increasingly debated topic worldwide, as many people question the ethics of making organ donation mandatory. Organ transplantation is a surgical procedure, where a failing or damaged organ is replaced with a new one, either from a living or deceased donor. Any part of the body that performs a specialized function is classified as an organ. People can become organ donors by listing it on their driver’s license or signing a document with
Desensitization from video games creates a biological response that leads to a lack of empathy and more aggressive behaviors. Furthermore, violence in video games is rewarded, making one more likely to repeat the behavior in real life. Finally, video games allow people to take on roles, and along with one’s inability to separate reality from fantasy, people will take on these roles in real life, leading to many of the recent mass shootings. The debate on video games and violence will carry major significance over these coming years. Although violent video games will not necessarily be banned, there might be moves to educate parents about the dangers of violent video games so that their children can be monitored in the games they choose. However, the debate will not be completely solved. Video games are a multimillion dollar industry and the companies may pay psychologists to agree with their sentiments, prolonging the debate. Although video games are some of the most popular items in the world to own, one must take caution in purchasing them, especially violent
Of all of the organs transplanted one of the most demanded is the liver. With an ever growing demand for livers each year there is a great decline in viable donors which in turn leads to longer waiting list and greater risk of malnutrition and/or death in many patients. Their was a study done by the Transplant Outpatient Clinic at the University of Federal de Minas Gerais,Brazil (Ferreira 2).
Organ donation is a key role in saving thousands of American lives. Without donation hundreds of people would die from improperly functioning or failing organs not strong enough to keep them alive. Organ donation is the process of giving an organ or a part of an organ for the purpose of transplantation into another person. Organs can be donated from both living and deceased donors, and can be donated from all ages. Unfortunately not all Americans are aware of organ donation and out of the ones that are, several are uncomfortable with donating for several reasons. This is causing organ shortages not just in the US, but all over the world. These shortages have led to the voluntary selling of one’s own organs, otherwise known as Organ Trafficking.
The first recorded form of feudalism in Europe was the leadership structure in German barbarian clans in the 100s CE. Soldiers in these tribes had undying loyalty to their chieftain, and in return they received riches from ...
One of these tactical reforms was the implementation of a new standard of training for soldiers. Roberts argues that unlike in the middle ages, new training represented a shift from medieval individualist warfare (characterized by weapons such as the lance) to non-individualist warfare (characterized by weapons such as the pike).
The up-to-date medical advancement has come a long way, including making it possible for donating one’s major organs, blood, and tissues to desperate individuals needing them to sustain life. Organ donation still has problems even with the modern technology and breakthroughs. The majority of individuals need to comprehend to have a successful organ transplant it is essential to have active individuals that are willing to donate their organs. Typically, most individuals or family that consent to donate their precious organ 's desire life to continue. Their intentions are when one life is gone there is hope for another life to continue. Health care is experiencing a shortage in organ donation and the people that desperately need these organs
Manorialism and Feudalism were important key characteristics of Medieval Europe. Although they were closely related they were very different. Feudalism’s concept was to have a political and military institution. The Knights would protect the serfs for their work, and the knights would get paid to protect the lords and the kings. While Manorialism was more of an economic organization. For example, in document 2 it states, “They also had to pay high rents to the lords to use his land”. Money was not used a lot in this medieval Europe, but Manorialism was economic. Mannerism lacked of military and political aspect, and it depended more on the serfs for living. If there were no serfs, there would be no food.
While Equality and Liberty take a hike in the Uncharted Forest Equality reflects on what he was taught back in his society as being one and not caring for your life, but the lives of their brothers, this is another realization he encounters of collectivism striping away his indivduality and joy. “If this is the great evil of being alone, then what is good and what is evil Everything which comes from many is good Everything which comes from one is evil This have we been taught with our first breath.” While walking in the forest Equality trips, falls, rolls, and then begins to laugh, this is his moment of joy. “Then our body, losing all sense, rolled over and over on the moss...And we heard laughing as if there were no power left in us save laughter.” While reading the manuscripts Equality comes across the word “I” for the very first time in his life, and for the first time he speaks as one person instead of two or more. “It is my will which chooses, and the choice of my will is the only edict I must respect.” Equality comes to the realization that collectivism takes away individuality and
As Western Europe was in chaos the peasantry was left with nothing to protect them from local warlords. The biggest change the peasants suffered was the subjugation to the knightly class.This European Feudalism was developed with the idea of creating an arrangement between rulers and
One of the most important and prevalent issues in healthcare discussed nowadays is the concern of the organ donation shortage. As the topic of organ donation shortages continues to be a growing problem, the government and many hospitals are also increasingly trying to find ways to improve the number of organ donations. In the United States alone, at least 6000 patients die each year while on waiting lists for new organs (Petersen & Lippert-Rasmussen, 2011). Although thousands of transplant candidates die from end-stage diseases of vital organs while waiting for a suitable organ, only a fraction of eligible organ donors actually donate. Hence, the stark discrepancy in transplantable organ supply and demand is one of the reasons that exacerbate this organ donation shortage (Parker, Winslade, & Paine, 2002). In the past, many people sought the supply of transplantable organs from cadaver donors. However, when many ethical issues arose about how to determine whether someone is truly dead by either cardiopulmonary or neurological conditions (Tong, 2007), many healthcare professionals and transplant candidates switched their focus on obtaining transplantable organs from living donors instead. As a result, in 2001, the number of living donors surpassed the number of cadaver donors for the first time (Tong, 2007).
When I, Sir Tweedy, was on horseback, I used saddles and stirrups; my favorite is the stirrups because we get to stand up on moving horses. I give loyalty and bravery
Historians use sources and knowledge to piece together the history of the human existence while Human scientist study the human behavior as well as the lifestyle we live in. They indeed focus on these areas and provide information to each other. However, a historian will also look to the future and foretell using his or her knowledge of the past. In the same way, a human scientist might look at human behavior today and compare it with the past. For when we look at human science, historians find it as useful term for science with the word ‘human’ as the subject (Smith). This opens the possibilities for the historian to research and thus history can be considered as a ‘Human Science’ (Smith).
Over the past years, video games have been a way to escape reality for some people. Video games vary from fantasy, romance, and role playing games to violent games. However, vicious video games have been blamed for school shootings, growths in bullying, and violence concerning women. Various people argue that these games numb players to violence, recompense players for imitating violence, and educate children that violence is a suitable way to resolve conflicts.