Methods and Effects of Prenatal Genetic Testing
I. Introduction
Prenatal genetic testing has become one of the largest and most influencial advances in clinical genetics today. "Of the over 4000 genetic traits which have been distinguished to date, more than 300 are identifiable via prenatal genetic testing" (Morris, 1993). Every year, thousands of couples are subjecting their lives to the results of prenatal tests. For some, the information may be a sigh of relief, for others a tear of terror. The psychological effects following a prenatal test can be devastating, leaving the woman with a decision which will affect the rest of her life.
For couples with previous knowledge of genetic disorders in their family and concerned parents, prenatal genetic testing is part of the regular pregnancy checkup. Making an appointment with a genetic counselor may seem strange or even frightening for some, still others view it a very common step being taken by many Americans today.
The desire to have a "normal" child is held by every parent and only now are we beginning to have the ability to select for that child. In preparation to receiving genetic testing, the parents are required to meet with a genetic counselor. A detailed description of the testing methods are reviewed with the couple as well as the risks which are involved with each. Upon an understanding of the procedures, the counselor discusses the many possible outcomes which could be the result of the diagnosis. Finally, before any tests are performed, anxieties from either of the parents are addressed as well as the psychological well-being of the parents.
II. Methods of Genetic Testing
Procedures performed today are designed to evaluate the probability that a fet...
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The industrial technology in Ancient Egypt and Ancient China has a similarity in paper but there were a more significant number of differences, which are the money system and printing. The biggest similarity in the industrial technology between Ancient Egypt and Ancient China was paper. Although the similarity was that both civilizations were able create paper, the way and how it was made were different. In Ancient Egypt, paper, also known as ‘papyrus’ was made out beaten strips of papyrus plant. On the other hand, the paper that was made in Ancient China was not made out of papyrus plant or wood pulp. Instead the Chinese first made paper out of hemp fiber and silk but found the quality to be far from satisfactory so, in 105 A.D, paper with worn fishnet, bark, and cloth. These materials were essay to find and the cost of processing paper out of materials were much cheaper than making paper out of hemp fiber and silk.
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Gangs and Definitional Issues: When is a Gang a Gang, and Why Does it Matter?”.
In a nonstate world, the United State faces a number of challenges. The NSS explains the United States national interest and what we seek in the world. There are two challenges the U.S may face in the nonstate world of 2030: security and the economy. These two national interest will be affected in a nonstate world. A state takes the lead in attempting to defend the physical security of the population, ensures the economic welfare of its citizens, provides a focus for loyalty and identity, and claims sovereignty (Viotti & Kauppi, 2013). So sharing this with non-state actor will be a challenge in a nonstate world.
Gates, E. A. "Ethical Considerations in Prenatal Diagnosis." US National Library of Medicine. Web. 31 Mar. 2014. .
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