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effects of genetic engineering on agriculture
effects of genetic engineering on agriculture
effects of genetic engineering on agriculture
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Economic Analysis of Roundup-Ready Soybeans
In 1974, Monsanto Corporation registered the chemical glyphosate for agricultural use in the United States. Monsanto marketed glyphosate, otherwise known as Roundup, as a broad-spectrum herbicide designed to kill “a wide variety of annual and perennial grasses, sedges, broad-leaf weeds, and woody shrubs” (Mendelson, 1998). Glyphosate kills such a huge assortment of plants and weeds by inhibiting the creation of EPSP synthase, an enzyme in plants that is required to synthesize the amino acid phenylalanine (Kliener, 1998). Deprived of phenylalanine, plants cannot make the proteins necessary for life, so these plants weaken and die.
Since glyphosate kills nearly anything green, farmers have been forced to use Roundup as either a pre-emergence herbicide or a weed killer around the borders of their planting area to avoid killing their commercial crop (Sij and Stansel, 1997). Despite farmers’ inability to spray glyphosate directly on conventional crops, Roundup became “the best-selling weed-killer in the world” (Arax and Brokaw, 1997). In 1994, Roundup had net sales of approximately 1.2 billion dollars, comprising 17 percent of Monsanto’s total annual sales.
However, by the mid-90’s, Monsanto neared the expiration date on its patent of Roundup, and faced the possibility of losing the production rights of this cash cow. Desperately needing a new way to continue to reap profits from glyphosate, in 1996, Monsanto, through genetic engineering, introduced genetically modified Roundup-Ready crops, varieties of several commercial crops which are resistant to glyphosate. By inserting a gene derived from a petunia that produced large amounts of EPSP synthase into the genome of several popular commercial crops, Monsanto created varieties of soybeans, cotton, canola, and corn which could produce enough EPSP synthase to overwhelm the EPSP inhibition caused by glyphosate (Kliener, 1998). Therefore, farmers can plant the glyphosate-resistant crops and spray Roundup directly on their fields, thus destroying every weed and plant except their Roundup-Ready crop. Since glyphosate-resistant crops offer the promise of a cheaper and simpler weed management process, farmers have adopted glyphosate-resistant crops at such an alarming rate that Roundup-Ready crops cover over 33 million acres worldwide (Mendelson, 1998).
The advent of genetically engineered glyphosate-resistant crops has not only maintained but has greatly expanded Monsanto’s market share in the realm of agribusiness. Since Roundup-Ready seeds are only resistant to the broad-spectrum herbicide Roundup, Monsanto sells a season’s worth of weed killer along with every Roundup Ready seed sale (Arax and Brokaw, 1997).
Monsanto employs over 20,000 employees dispersed throughout their facilities within 69 countries. John F. Queeny, founder of Monsanto, started the company in 1901, which at first manufactured saccharine. Later, John son Edward directed the companies into the agriculture industry. The company is best known producing Round up, an herbicide, and for developing genetically modified (GM) through biotechnology. “Monsanto developed G.M. seeds that would resist its own herbicide, Roundup, offering farmers a convenient way to spray fields with weed killer without affecting crops” (Barlett, D. L. & Steele, J. B, 2008). Since the start up the company has encounter several lawsuits, patent issues and critics. The company also faces many concerns about the
Monsanto offers farmers a wide range of corn, soybean, cotton, wheat, canola, sorghum, and sugar cane seeds. They are genetically modification resist herbicide applications or ward off pests. Although it sounds beneficial, the long term issues are devastating to not only to the environment but to the whole human population. If the plants are resistant to herbicides and pests they could eventually be able help bugs (or pests) evolve and become able to resist against even the strongest GM plants. If this happens small farmers, who support themselves on only what they grow, could be ruined from a single infestation and nothing could save all of their hard work.
As a farmer, there are many issues that arise due to ignorance or hazards. Roundup Ready cropping is one of those issues. The issue of Roundup Ready crops is a hot topic right now due to a little bit of ignorance and the potential hazards involved. Roundup is a herbicide with the active ingredient called glyphosate (“Farmers Relying on Herbicide”). When Roundup is applied to any type of vegetation, the chemical kills the plant in a week’s time. Roundup was created in 1996 by a chemist at Monsanto, an agricultural company (“Resistance Warning”). This new product would soon be the answer to many farmers’ prayers.
...to be resistant to the company's own Roundup herbicide This means that farmers are utterly dependent on Monsanto; a situation similar as with the United States. The biggest adversaries of GM soybeans are environmentalist. For example, floods are happening because of soya farming in the region of Santa Fe and Chaco where the Salado River begins. The deforestation and the low permeability of the soil used in soya farming contributed to more channeling more water into the river. On the other side, people claim that GM crops are required to fight hunger in poor and developing countries. Evidence shows otherwise. GM crops have increased the use of pesticides while increasing poverty. Over 170,000 famers have had to quit on their lands because they couldn’t compete with big GM farmers, thus leading to more poverty. Also, herbicides have introduced new health problems.
Herbicide resilient crops increase the use of herbicides, swelling costs for farmers as well as creating conservational problems, affecting inferior communities who live near large GM farms in developing countries, as well as causing pollution. Insecticide crops are constantly producing toxins when they're not even necessary, and can indiscriminately kill other insects beneficial for the environment. Continued manufacturing promises about the ability of GM crops to tackle the world's growing social problems are pure myth: there is still not a single commercial GM crop with increased yield or salt-tolerance, enhanced nutrition or other 'beneficial' traits. GM crops are confined to a handful of countries with highly developed agricultural subdivisions – where GM-cash-crops are grown to be sold on the world market for materials, feed and fuel, and not intended to feed
On the 13th of June, Ver der Kemp and Edmond crossed the Gamka river, which though it was very broad was also very dry. They sought refuge from the cold winter air at Samuel de Beer’s house, who had just buried his child that same day, yet rejoiced that God was answering his prayers to bring the gospel to indigenous people in South Africa. Van der Kemp and Samuel spoke for hours. Van der Kemp enthusiastically sharing with him the copy of Carey’s “the Obligations of Christians to use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens”, the very document that helped inspire the start of the London Missionary Society. Van der Kemp shared his desire to bring the gospel to the Xhosa people dwelling on the eastern border of the Cape colony, a people totally unreached by the gospel. Sadly everyone was as enthusiastic as de Beer. Many discouraged Van der Kemp and Edmond from continuing on their mission. There was great hostility between the Xhosa and the colonial authorities and trekboers (Dutch/Afrikaans Farmers), and the unpredictable condition of the border area made it a dangerous place to be. Eventually Edmond returned to Cape Town from where he set out to India. But van Der Kemp was determined to preach the gospel to the Xhosa. Towards the end of 1799 he made contact with a Xhosa chief by the name of Ngqika, who allowed him to tentatively work among his people.
While corn is a really important part of our economy, it has a number of other problematic effects. Nearly all corn grown in the states is treated with glyphosate, a weed killing chemical introduced by seed giant Monsanto in 1974. Glyphosate contaminates surface water and has been detected at lower levels in ground water, which is what is used for drinking water. There are experiments that show that glyphosate could be responsible for increased mortality rates in tadpoles and other amphibians. And while information on the effects that glyphosate has on the health of human beings is limited, the UN’s International Agency for Research on Cancer declared that glyphosate may raise the risk of cancer in people exposed, as it has been found in farmworkers’ blood and urine, chromosomal damage in cells and more (Grossman). Little information is known on the potential of low levels of exposure to glyphosate over long periods of time, but it is clear that there are risks involved with the heavy use and exposure to the chemical, which is used on a growing number of
The current manifestations of the caste system are now far more generalized across the Indian subcontinent than was the case in former times. Caste as we now recognize has been endangered, shaped and perpetuated by comparatively recent political and social developments. This is evident even i...
Morris, Donald R. The Washing of the Spears: The Rise and Fall of the Zulu Nation Simon & Schuster Inc. © 1965
My paper will attempt to critically analyze the representation of history and identity in Ruby Daniel’s memoir, Ruby of Cochin: An Indian Jewish Woman Remembers, published in 2002. It is a landmark work since it being the first memoir “written by a Jewish woman from the Indian community of Cochin” (Irene Eber). Situated within the context of Cochin Jews, Daniel attempts to interlink a series of personal lived histories with the larger national histories. Using the case study of Cochin Jews, the writer examines the hitherto socio-cultural historical representations and their underlying political agenda. Through her memoir Daniel critically addresses questions like, who benefits from claiming authentic representations of Jewish community in Kerala? What does authentic Jewish identity means? The writer tries to answer these questions by focussing upon Cochin Jewish history and the issue of identity.
Across the history, women Suffer from luck of their right. Culture and civilization was not respect women and put them in the lower layer in their social pyramid. Kill them were they alive, while other give them a life with a lot of misery and obstacle, which is the same thing or killing them better than these life . At the few previous centuries, the world growth and become more opening. people understanding that they are needing women in a lot of job outside their home as men. Sadly, when we came to combat sector, we stop thinking logically. It is men major one hundred percent . If we look to the book (1001 things everyone should know about women's history) which written by Constance Jones (2000) we can find that only 88013 women among history had the ability to take part in military by give a variety of services. Some country actually these day try to make it happen. For instance the first country was allowed women in military was Norway around 1985. Then, it followed by thirteen other countries. It still small percentage compared with the world. It is the right of women to join army and take part in combat, because they are capable as men in adapting with situation. Also, they have equally amount in cerebration and they have the right to decide their own destiny.
The globalization and the subsequent flourishing of ‘englishes’ have dismantled the monolith of ‘the’ English Literary Canon by bringing into effect ‘new’ literatures and various interdisciplinary principles and approaches that have in way effected a ‘re-ordering’ of the existing order . In such a moment of paradigmatic shifts – especially in the wake of the postcolonial theories and the subaltern studies - the emergence of the Dalit Literature/s provides ample scope for examining the ‘politics of representation’. However, my paper is not concerned as much with the question of the Dalit Literature proper as with the dynamics of the polemical word – ‘dalit’ – and with how, besides a registered manifestation of physical / tangible ‘violence’ or ‘resistance’, not always of course, constant negotiations between narratives and counter-narratives mark the ‘dalit space’ . For this I rely on the elasticity of the term ‘dalit’ and intend to show how the term, often misunderstood, implies “masses exploited and oppressed economically, socially, culturally in the name of religion and other factors” and also how ‘dalit space’ becomes ‘vocal’, and sometimes achieves ‘liminality’ through inter-religion/inter-racial correspondence . In “Mahesh”, Gafur, a Muslim, challenges what Ambedkar called the caste Hindu’s tolerant behavior towards non-Hindus, and suffers the ‘position’ of a dalit who finally registers a passive resistance through ‘dislocation’ . On the other hand, in “Shikar”, Mary Oraon, an organic intellectual, comes out of the constraints of dalit position as she is the cross-product of an inter-racial coupling, as she ‘hunts’ the (in)human predator and also as she embraces the ‘brave new world’.
Bullying does not have a standard definition. Bullying can be anything from calling someone else names, beating them up just for the fun of it, to texting or messaging them on the internet or any mobile device. Any person can be the victim of bullying, not just children. Bullying causes many issues, physically, emotionally, and mentally, not only for the victim, but for their entire families as well. Bullies have many different reasons as to why they start bullying someone else. The actions done to the victim leaves them with only a few options on how to stop being bullied. How they handle it is always different.
Bullying is an issue that is a problem in society today. Bullying is any kind of unwanted behavior to an individual on repeated occasions which is a display of power over someone. Bullying is mainly common among students in school, and unfortunately, it happens in other places like at home between parents and children, and on rare occasions, among adults. When people began to identify bullying for what it is, it was only known as a physical aggression towards others, but over the course of time, bullying has moved from just physical bullying to verbal bullying, and power abuse in the workplace between co-workers in different ranks. In a book called Welfare Brat: A Memoir, Mary was bullied in school by boys on the streets, and unfortunately, she was verbally bullied by her mom. Bullying among children in the society is caused by different reasons, and affects its victims negatively.