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cultural differences in pain
pain perception psychology
pain perception psychology
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Do Men and Women Experience Pain Differently?
Pain has been an under-researched area of medicine, but today physicians are increasingly interested in the workings and treatment of various types of pain. In particular, a growing body of research exists on the different ways in which men and women may experience pain and the implications of these differences for medical treatment. Does the sex of an individual make a difference in their pain experience? Numerous researchers believe that women are more sensitive to pain than men, while others believe that the differences between the pain experiences of men and women are not significant. Over the course of my research I found that part of the problem in trying to answer the question lies in how scientists measure the pain experience of men and women.
The difference in the pain experience of men and women is an understudied area because most previous studies of pain and its potential treatments have only used men or male animals. For scientists, using only males was simpler since women have reproductive hormone cycles that could complicate the studies. The implication of this, of course, is that sex differences in the experience of pain (and in many other aspects of health) has remained an understudied area. However, in 1993 President Clinton signed the NIH Revitalization Act, which requires the inclusion of women in NIH research. In 1996 the NIH formed a Pain Research Consortium, and in 1998 the NIH held a conference entitled "Gender and Pain" (1).
At the NIH conference, some researchers argued that sex differences in pain are substantial and argued specifically that women are more sensitive to pain. For example, women report pain more often and also report it at higher levels than men. Additionally, when men and women are exposed to the same pain stimulus, women will say that they are in pain more quickly than men (1).
However, others believe that sex differences in the experience of pain may not be so significant. The higher reported pain levels of women may be due more to gender socialization than to biological differences between men and women. For example, in most laboratory pain studies women report about twenty percent more pain than men (2). However, researchers at the University of Florida examined pain reporting of chronic pain patients in a clinical setting and found that women reported only three to ten percent more pain than men, a significantly smaller difference.
The thought that physicians believe that women have a low pain tolerance is not supported by facts. In the essay “How Doctors Take Women’s Pain Less Seriously,” by Joe Fassler he has a great example of how physicians do believe that many women are not experiencing as much pain as they perceive they are. Men and women are very different and every one had a different pain tolerance and physician should treat every patient as an individual and not make assumptions right away.
To be more specific, the body pain seems to be the route in order to find the true knowledge and can be shown as tow types- the martyrdom and the punishment, which are considering as voluntary behavior and compulsory behavior. Unlike physical pain, the psychological pain will be crueler, especially for women. Under the law and also because of the female body probably more inferior than male, women could only experience lighter punishment. However, they will lose the chance to gain true knowledge. Furthermore, Krik have gave some more examples of gendering pain like sexual molestation and the requirement of female corporal
Singer starts his article explaining about the dreadful condition of people in East Bengal. He believes that richer countries like the United States and Australia can easily stop the sufferings, but they do not try to do so. Using the example of Bengals, Singer puts forth his first principle that “suffering and death from lack of food, shelter, and medical care are bad” (Singer 231). Then, he states his second principle that “if it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, without
Russell, R. S., & Taylor, B. W. (2011). Operations Management: Creating Value Along The Supply Chain. (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Pain is a universal element of the human experience. Everyone, at some point in their lives, experiences pain in one form or another. Pain has numerous causes, effects, and is itself a highly complex biological phenomenon. It also carries with it important emotional and social concerns. Pain cannot be entirely understood within the context of any one field of scientific inquiry. Indeed, it must be examined across a range of disciplines, and furthermore considered in relation to important non-scientific influences, such as emotional responses and social determinants. I conducted my explorations regarding pain with the following question in mind: to what degree is pain subjective? I found several avenues of inquiry to be useful in my explorations: they are (1) the expanding specialty in the medical profession of pain management; (2) pain in individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) and (3) pain experiences of children. Examining these issues led to the conclusion that pain is in fact a highly subjective phenomenon.
people in relatively affluent countries react to a situation like that in Bengal cannot be justified; indeed, the whole way we look at moral issues our moral conceptual scheme needs to be altered, and with it, the way of life that has come to be taken for granted in our society. (p. 230)
Institute of Medicine Report from the Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care and Education. (2011). Relieving Pain in America A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education and Research. Retrieved from http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?records_13172
In his article, “Famines, Affluence, and Morality”, Peter Singer (1972) discusses morality and our moral obligation towards helping those suffering. He sheds light on a lot of problems in the way of life that we currently lead. The article opens by introducing us to the famine situation in Bengal, which has left millions suffering due to the lack of food, shelter and medical care. (Singer, p. 229). Singer’s main argument, which consists of 3 premises, draws up the conclusion that affluent people int he world, who have more than sufficient to meet their essential needs and spend on trivial luxuries such as expensive clothes, cars, etc. should instead re-direct this extra income towards relieving, if not elimination entirely, the suffering of the people in Bengal, or anywhere really. In what follows, I will examine Singer’s argument and expound on the objections raised against his seemingly sound conclusion. Further, I will also discuss my only objection to Singer’s argument and briefly outline our traditional moral categories.
de Vries, and Forger, (2015), use evidence from animal and human anatomies, and environmental influence, to explore the sex differences between males and females and how processes and events occurring in the body are solely due to gender. Berenbaum, and Beltz, (2011), discuss how the hormones associated with puberty and prenatal stages of life, can change the body biologically and be the main factor for individuals behaviour and out comes in their life. van Anders, and Watson, (2006), discuss in depth, several environmental influences and events in life that can have significant influences on our hormones and our biological processes inside our bodies and comparing these between males and females. There are gender differences associated with pain, with females being more vulnerable to pain.
Lahini, J. (2013). Sexy. In N. Baym, W. Franklin, P.F. Gura, J. Klinkowitz, A. Krupat, R.S. Levine, . . . P.B. Wallace (Eds.), The Norton Anthology of American Literature (Shorter 8th ed.) (pp. 2834-2849). New York, NY: Norton.
Pain is universal and personal to those who are experiencing it. It is subjectively measured on a scale of 0-10 with zero being no pain and 10 being the worst pain ever. This can be problematic for patients and doctors because this score can be understated or overstated. Doctors will make quick decisions based on this score. Patients might feel not believed because only they can feel the pain. However, untreated pain symptoms may be associated with impaired activities of daily life and decreased quality of life. Pain is defined in our textbook, “as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage” (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2016, p 25). Actual pain is understood by most because there is an
There are many authors that contributed to this journal article. They all are from the department of psychology at the University of Georgia. This journal article is intended for those that are curious in the association of gender and pain perception. The article contains a study that provides evidence for the claim that men can change their pain tolerance levels. In the study, men changed their pain tolerance levels when their masculinity was questioned just before their pain tolerance
Pool, G., A. Schwegler, B. Theodore, and P. Fuchs. "Role of Gender Norms and Group Identification on Hypothetical and Experimental Pain Tolerance." Pain 129.1-2 (2007): 122-29. University of Florida Libraries. Science Direct. EBSCOhost. Web. 26 Jan. 2012.
Operations management strategies play an important role in any organization to achieve organizational goals. An organization uses these operations strategies to maintain and control all its operations...
The metre is mainly trochaic, ‘Spider, from his flaming sleep’, having a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed one. Such verse is composed of three trochaic feet with the last foot stressed. However there are some exceptions, ‘Fat hero, burnished cannibal’, which is iambic, that is having an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one.