Softening Hard Water With Sodium Carbonate
Prediction
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In a preliminary experiment, we discovered that adding 1g. Na2CO3 to
hard water softened it slightly. We tested both tap water and
distilled water with the sodium stearate and discovered that tap water
was far harder than distilled water, we then tested tap water that 1g
of Na2CO3 had been applied to. This solution was softer than the
original tap water. The exact results were;
Type of water
Soap solution required
1st attempt
2nd attempt
Average
Distilled
0.5
0.5
0.5
Tap
4.5
5.0
4.75
Tap with 1g. Na2CO3
3.5
3.0
3.25
This tells us that Na2CO3 softens hard water. However 1g Na2CO3 did
not render it as soft as distilled water. Now our aim is to determine
whether increasing the quantity of Na2CO3 added to the hard water
softens it more effectively. We are measuring the hardness of the
water by the volume of soap solution required to produce a lather.
Thus, the less soap solution required to form a lather, the softer the
water, and the more successful the Na2CO3.
We know that 1g Na2CO3 did not fully soften the water. My prediction
is that as the quantity of Na2CO3 is increased, the water will become
softer. Thus requiring less soap to form a lather. Additionally I
predict that after a certain point the Na2CO3 will become less
effective at softening the water until finally it will not effect the
softness of the water if more Na2CO3 were to be added.
Water is made hard by dissolved calcium ions, Ca2+, when placed into a
solution Na2CO3 splits up into Na+ ions and CO32- ions, the CO32- ions
combine with the dissolved calcium ions to create calcium carbonate,
this is a solid precipitate that doesn't alter the softness of the
water. The sodium ions stay dissolved in the water, but they don't
To begin the experiment, we measured 5cc of water and 5g of NaCl and added them to a test tube. Next, we stoppered the test tube and shook vigorously for two or three minutes. After we observed that the solution was saturated and massed an evaporating dish (18.89g) and poured most of the solution into it, while being careful not to pour any undissolved solid into the dish. Next, we massed the evaporating dish with the solution and found it to be 23.32g. The next step was to slowly evaporate the solution in the evaporating dish using a hot plate. Once the liquid was evaporated from the solution, to the best of our ability, we massed the remaining solid in the dish, which we found to be 20.32g. This was the last step of the physical portion of the experiment, and we proceeded to the calculations. First, we found the mass of the remaining solid by subtracting the mass of the evaporating dish from the mass of the solid and evaporating dish, which we found to be 1.43g. To find the mass of the evaporated water we subtracted the mass of the solid and evaporating dish from the mass of the solution and evaporating dish, which we found to be 3g. Because the density of water is 1g/1cc, the mass is the ...
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