Investigating the Hardness of Water
Planning
Aim
To investigate the hardness of water in 5 different water solutions
Background knowledge about hard water
The hardness of water is caused by the presence of Calcium 2+ and
magnesium 2+ ions in the water. These minerals in water can cause some
everyday problems. They react with soap and produce a deposit called
"soap scum" that remains on the skin and clothes and, because it is
insoluble and sticky, cannot be removed by rinsing. Soap curd changes
the pH of the skin and may cause infection and irritation. It also
remains on the hair making it dull and difficult to manage. Soap scum
picks up the dirt from laundry water and holds it on cloth,
contributing to a grey appearance of white clothes. It is especially
troublesome when wash water is allowed to drain through the clothes.
The use of synthetic detergents may help a little, but the active
ingredient in the detergent is partially inactivated by hardness and
more detergent must be used for the same cleaning task. Some
detergents will produce soap during the reaction with oil or grease on
the surface being cleaned and as a result they will also deposit soap
curd. A ring around the bathtub and spotting on glassware, chrome, and
sinks are constant problems in the presence of hard water. They
require additional rinsing and wiping, increasing the time spent on
everyday cleaning.
Cooking with hard water can also be difficult, producing scale on
pots. Some vegetables cooked in hard water lose colour and flavour.
Beans and peas become tough and shrivelled. Hard water may also
shorten the life of plumbing and water heaters. When water containing
calcium carbonate is heated, a hard scale is formed that can plug
pipes and coat heating elements. Scale is also a poor heat conductor.
With increased deposits on the unit, heat is not transmitted to the
water fast enough and overheating of the metal causes failure.
Build-up of deposits will also reduce the efficiency of the heating
Throughout The Awakening, water the main motif serves as a catalyst to the metamorphosis of Edna. During the length of the story Edna goes through a process of changes that coincides with the presence of water. Water serves as a conduit for liberation and empowerment that facilitates the rebirth and even death of Edna. In this essay I will argue that the motif of water represents the continual transformations that occur within Edna throughout the story.
perform a lot of procedures in order to obtain an anhydrous alum at the end. What we first wanted to obtain was a hydrated alum crystal. To achieve this, we broken down aluminum foil into pieces and let it reacts with 25mL of 3M KOH. Next, we filtered it to get rid of any undissolved particles. Furthermore, we heated the solution and let it rest until crystals were formed, and then cooled it once again to get the hydrated alum crystals. Then, we washed/filtered the crystals by wetting them with a non-soluble solution and let the crystals dry. After that, we took 2g of the alum crystals and burned them on a crucible, taking its mass beforehand. Lastly, we heated the solution for five more minutes and let it cool to room temperature.
Two solutions were prepared by using Calcium Nitrate Ca(〖NO_3)〗_2 with concentration of 0.101 M, Potassium Iodate KIO_3 with concentration of 0.100 M, and deionized water. First solution contained 25.0 mL of Calcium Nitrate and 25.0 mL of Potassium Iodate. In the second solution, 15.0 mL of deionized water were added with 10.0 mL Calcium Nitrate and 25.0 mL of Potassium Iodate. Each of these solutions was mixed for 15 minutes. After the reaction of the solutions took place, each of the solutions was filtered. To remove water liquid from the filtered solution, both of the precipitates in the
How Water Is Related To Chemistry Water is a polar solvent, its molecule is covalently bonded that makes up for an unequal sharing of the electrons resulting in partially positive and partially negative water molecule. Organic molecules like Ethane and many other molecules are non-polar, that is they neither have a positive nor a negative end. As a result, he individual molecules within the water are greatly interconnected because of the presence of weak hydrogen bonds. Water acts as a universal solvent. All the living things are made up of entities, called atoms and molecules, and these entities are inside aqueous solutions that is the solutions containing elements dissolvable in water. Defining solutions, these are homogeneous mixtures of the molecules made up of two or more elements. Usually, the solvent is the substance, which is present in the solution in the largest amount, forming, most of the time a liquid. The substance that is in the lesser amount of the solvent is called solute. Disbanding of an ionically bonded compound, for instance sodium chloride or NaCl by means of water is the easiest process. Nevertheless, looking at their molecular makeup sets up the solubility of a lot of molecules. The biochemical foundation for this process is that the organic breaks up in to compounds called lipids that lack polar covalent bonding in certain regions. Fats are member of the lipids group. The polar water molecule that is covalently bonded behaves so as to keep out non-polar molecules that result in the clumping together of fats. Thus, the make up of a lot of molecules to a great extent affect their solubility. Water has a tendency to break down into H+ and OH- ions. During this disassociation process, the oxygen hold on to t...
or 0.01cm3), but care had to taken to make sure it was not held by the
Water Potential Investigation Aim: To determine the water potential of potato cells and sweet potato cells during the process of osmosis. (Only water molecules can pass through by the process of osmosis) Osmosis is the movement of water particles from a low region of water concentration to a high region of water concentration through a partially permeable membrane. A partially permeable membrane is known as the barrier which allows certain substances to move across, such as water molecules which move through freely, but prevents the movement of other substances, like sucrose. [physioweb.med.uvm.edu/bodyfluids/osmosis.htm & www.purchon.com/biology/osmosis.htm] The cell wall of a plant cell is made up of insoluble cellulose fibres which are embedded in a matrix of pectin and other materials. The fibres are very strong and often arranged in layers in which they are orientated in different directions.
Investigating the Solubility of Table Salt in Distilled Water at Different Temperatures The aim of this essay is to explain and discuss the drug cannabis and its effects in relation to biochemical, behavioural and psychological factors. The introduction will outline a brief history relating to the drug and include both the medicinal and recreational purposes of its use. The main discussion will explain how the drug chemistry affects the nervous system emphasising what neurotransmitter is effected and also what behavioural and psychological implications this has on the user.
usage of chlorine in water treatment was first applied back in 1990’s. Chlorine has been mostly used in water treatment than any other application because it is very active and it destroys a wide range of harmful bacteria and viruses in the water. Disinfection of drinking water is one of the most important and successful accomplishment for public health because it has done a major reduction of diseases that are caused by drinking unsafe water, such as typhoid, cholera and other waterborne diseases. Even after thirty years of its existence chlorine is still one of the biggest application used when cleaning water for health benefits around the world. The formation
Berkeley introduces his water experiment in order to demonstrate that in perception the perceiver does not reach the world itself but is confined to a realm of representations or sense data. We will attempt to demonstrate that Berkeley's description of our experience at the end of the water experiment is inauthentic, that it is not so much a description of an experience as a reconstruction of what we would experience if the receptor organs (the left and right hands) were objects existing in a space partes extra partes. Our argument is that there is nothing in our experience of the illusion to suggest that under normal conditions perception does not reach the world itself.
For example, a study from the Voice Institute of New York found that drinking alkaline water with a pH of 8.8 can help deactivate pepsin. Pepsin is the main enzyme that causes acid reflux. Another study published in the Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine suggests that drinking alkaline water may be beneficial for people who suffer from high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Meanwhile, the study from the University of Alberta concludes, “it would be prudent to consider an alkaline diet to reduce morbidity and mortality of chronic disease that are plaguing our aging
Water is the most important substance in our evolution and our daily lives. Without water,
In soft neutral water soap works very well. However in hard water those containing ions (calcium and magnesium ions) the soap reacts with the ions forming insoluble salts, scum which settles on fabrics and around the bath. A scum is also the result when soap is used in acidic water. Soap is also affected by the nature of the dirt, for example perspiration breaks down the soap reducing the washing power. There are other disadvantages of soap, it deteriorates on storage lacks cleaning power and doesn’t rinse out completely.
Softening Hard Water With Sodium Carbonate Prediction ---------- In a preliminary experiment, we discovered that adding 1g. Na2CO3 to hard water softened it slightly. We tested both tap water and distilled water with the sodium stearate and discovered that tap water was far harder than distilled water, we then tested tap water that 1g of Na2CO3 had been applied to. This solution was softer than the original tap water.
Water plays such an important role in our daily lives. 70% of our body is composed of water. 70% of the earth surface is also made up of water, but out of the 70%, only 1/3 of water is consumable. In fact, this amount has been continuously to decrease as more and more industries began to pollute and damage the water. For example, many toxic chemicals may be released into the water thus making the water impure. Such pollutions and damages lead the water to be contaminated and inconsumable as it may cause severe diseases. Water purification can remove all the unnecessary bacteria and viruses from the water that is hazardous for our health. Water purification may also improve the flavor and appearance of water. It removes the unpleasant odor. Therefore, water purification became one of the most useful and popular process used by people all over the world today. It is by far the most recommended and safest water treatment that is commonly used to purify damaged water into consumable water. Water purification provides us with safe, pure and clean water to consume and use.
When water contains a lot of calcium and magnesium, it is called hard water. Hard water is not suited for all purposes water is normally used for.