The Endless Torture of Animal Experimentation
Is using animals in medical research necessary? Some people would say yes, others would say no... but who's right? No matter what one thinks or believes this question still remains, yet to be answered. At first this question seems like its answer lies within ones opinion and only that, but if you look closer there is a lot more to it than opinion. Feeling sorry for the animals is definitely where it starts for people who don't agree with animal testing; but that's not where it ends.
Scientists and medical researchers say that animal testing is the future to finding cures. They also believe it is cruel to use animals to test our products on but there are no other options. Using animals for testing helps them figure out what will work and not work on humans. Using animals can help find cures faster and help prevent more human deaths.
Although some people believe that's true, I have a different opinion. While reading articles from different doctors, I discovered that using animals in the medical area hasn't helped humans near what people think it has. Just because animals are living breathing creatures like us, doesn't mean their systems are anything like ours. In fact, they're not anything like ours. There has been testing after testing done on animals to help find cures and medicine that will work on humans. After all that... what do we have to show for it? A puzzle with missing pieces that we are not going to find... not this way.
Ray Creek, a board -certified doctor, explains why the use of animals actually slows down medical research. "The simplest explanation is that animal experiments provide misleading data. At best, they tell us a good deal about how animals experience disease, but they rarely tell us something of value that can be applied to humans. Animal tests provide additional data, but not a higher level of accuracy." This very subject is something that I have always thought of, but never thought I was right. What good is it going to do us to use animals to test medicines on if it's not even helping?
Another statement Ray Creek said was that "The General Accounting Office several years ago concluded that animal tests do not accurately predict how dangerous a drug will be in humans. In other words, drug tests on animals do not protect humans from harmful medications.
The first pro to animal testing is that it has helped us create lifesaving cures and treatments. The California Biomedical Research Association released a statement saying almost every single medical breakthrough has resulted in the direct use of animals in the last 100 years. Can you believe this? Taking out dogs pancreases helped us discover insulin, chimpanzees helped us get a vaccine for Hepatitis B, and even the polio vaccine was tested on animals. Animal testing has also helped us treat and understand conditions like brain injury, breast cancer, cystic fibrosis, childhood leukemia, tuberculosis, multiple sclerosis, malaria, and many others. It even helped us develop anesthetics, pacemakers, and cardiac value substitutes. Almost every cure for any condition is due to animal testing. Without animal testing, we may not have been able to find many of these cures and find cures for other conditions in the future.
Each year in the United States close to 26 million animals including, mice, rabbits, cats, dogs, and most commonly chimpanzees are tested both for scientific research and conventional research. Animals are tested in treatments to determine how a drug or treatment will affect a human being, and several more health care purposes. This is nothing new though, animal testing has been practiced since 500 BC. Animal testing is both morally and ethically wrong and needs to be put to a stop.
Every year, more and more diseases and sicknesses need cures. The need for new medicine and treatments procedures causes animal research to increase. People that are involved in the fight for animal rights say that the animals should be protected just like humans. However, animal testing can find cures for deadly sick humans, which is more important than the very rare unfair abuse to animals. Animal testing should be allowed because although it can be bothersome to some animals, the outcomes are exaggerated, it creates procedures, and it helps find a cure to human health problems.
For centuries, the use of animal experimentation in the biomedical field has been questioned ethically. Do the benefits of animals used in research outweigh the pain that the animals endure? Animal rights activists will argue that there are new alternatives that are more accurate than animal testing. Nonetheless, scientists will continue to use animals for the advancement in the medical field because there have been various cases where animals have paved the way, medically, for humans to this day. Additionally, testing on animals instead of humans puts humans out of harms way. The first Animal Cruelty Act was created in 1835 to regulate the use of animals for scientific purposes. According to Franco (2013), the “Enactment of the 1986 Animals
Imagine having a headache and not having aspirin to take, or being diabetic and not being able to take certain types of insulin (Williams 3). It seems impossible that these drugs could be unavailable to humans, but they would not be attainable had scientists not tested these drugs on non-animal subjects. Contrary to what many people believe, testing drugs on animals often give defective results. “More than 205,000 new drugs are marketed worldwide every year, most undergo the most archaic and unreliable testing methods still in use: animal studies” (PETA 1). Although animals may seem the like ideal specimens for testing new drugs, the experiments are untrustworthy and can cause unknown side effects.
Animal testing, also known as Animal Experimentation, is using non-human primates to test human products on. The discipline of science impacted is biology. Majority of Animal Testing is done in Universities, medical schools, and pharmaceutical companies. The controversy of Animal Testing is deciding whether to continue or ban it. Both would affect the world, or society as whole, since animal testing does decide what is the right doses, vaccinations/medicines, what will affect the human body and what will not.
For years now people have been using animal experimentation to create new ways to help save the human race. There are people who believe that it does help, and that it is necessary to continue, while others oppose and want to fight for the elimination of animal experimentation. Scientists fight for the cures needed to help man kind, but struggle to do so as people fight against their work in progress. But as Jennifer A. Hurley stated, “History has already shown that animal experimentation is not essential to medical progress.” Stuart W.G. Derbyshire believes “The best hopes to treat or cure any number of diseases all rely in the current animal experiments.” Both sides have evidence that can allow both to be proven correct. But there are negative arguments that can prove the other wise. The real question to ask is, Does animal experimentation really help advance medical research?
This essay gives a basic idea of what organizational culture is, and emphasis on the controversial issues of managing organizational cultures. As there are various definitions for organizational culture, and none of them are universally agreed. Therefore, for an easier understanding by readers, the definition of organizational culture given in this essay focusing on levels of culture, and will be discussed t together with Schein's(1983) framework. Before talking about managing organizational cultures, the types will be introduced first. Because, there are some descriptions about managing different types of organizational cultures, in the following content.
Companies utilize different marketing strategies to appeal to their target audience. The methods they use to market their products usually reflects the target audience’s preferences or needs. Gatorade was invented at the University of Florida in 1965 by a team of researchers. They discovered nutrients were not being replenished when the school’s football team competed and formulated a solution to the problem. Today Gatorade primarily targets athletic or physically active individuals, especially professional athletes. Over time, Gatorade has become one of the most popular and leading sports drink companies in the world. Many people recognize what Gatorade is and what they do to help individuals who need the extra replenishment so they can continue
Animal testing is bad science. According to the food and drug administration ,ninety two percent of drugs that are passed due to animal testing fail humans. And the eight percent that are passed are taken off the market soon after the drug is shown to have harmful effects on humans. The results of animal studies are also typically misleading. Most human diseases don't occur in animals, so they are simulated without things like environment and lifestyle taken into account. In addition,scientists have also built humane, modern, and effective non animal research methods. For example, using specialized computer programs , combined with human cells and tissues deliver exact results as opposed to animal testing(Gericke). We also have made many advances in medicine without animal testing. For example, the cure for Scurvy was discovered without animal testing and Penicillin was also discovered without animal testing.These facts have overshadowed the claim that animals serve as good models of the human body .
According to this definition, we can see that human resource management should not merely handle recruitment, pay, and discharging, but also should maximize the use of an organization's human resources in a more strategic level. To describe what the HRM does in the organization, Ulrich, D. & Brocklebank, W. (2005) have outlined some of the HRM roles such as employee advocate, human capital developer, functional expert, strategic partner and HR leader etc.
The concept of organizational culture is one of the most debated topics for researchers and theorists. There is no one accepted definition of culture. People even said that it is hard to define culture and even more change it. It is considered a complex part of an organization although many have believed that culture influences employee behavior and organizational effectiveness (Kilmann, Saxton, & Serpa 1985; Marcoulides & Heck, 1993; Schein, 1985a, 1990).
Gosling, J. and H. Mintzberg (2003). "The Five Minds of a Manager." Harvard Business Review (November 2003): 1-10.
There are some laws that have been passed to protect animals like the Act of 1986 which makes sure animals suffer as little as possible; and the Cruelty to Animals Act which was passed in 1876 (Franklin). People are making an effort to save as many animals as possible when trying to experiment. Animal experimentation may be very harmful to animals and inhumane, but it is the only thing right now that is helping to discover new medical advances. Animal experimentation has been used to save many people’s lives and other animal lives. There are many negatives to animal experimentation, such as the cost and the treatment of the animals.
This allows for scientists to have a better understanding of the way the human body functions and the effects drugs may have on humans. Animal testing broadens possibilities of finding cures for illnesses and diseases.