Brain tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue in which some cells grow or multiply uncontrollably. Various techniques have been developed for detection of brain tumor. This paper focuses on survey of well-known brain tumor detection techniques and the applied image segmentation procedures. The main concentration is on the techniques which use image segmentation to detect brain tumor. These techniques include Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), functional MRI (fMRI), Computed Tomography ( CT ) Scans and various others. Differences based on performance and accuracy between some well-known techniques and the methodologies applied in various image segmentation techniques are also considered in this paper.
Index Terms— Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), functional MRI (fMRI), Computed Tomography ( CT ) Scans, Genetic Algorithms (GAs).
I. INTRODUCTION
A brain tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue in the brain. The abnormal growth is created by an uncontrolled cell division which occurs usually in the brain itself [4] Brain cancer is most treatable and curable if caught in the earliest stages of the disease. The untreated and/or advanced brain cancer is the one that spread inwards as the skull does not allow the brain tumor to expand outwards which puts excessive pressure on the brain and can cause permanent brain damage and eventually death [5]. There are more than 120 different types of brain tumors; some are malignant (cancer), many are benign (non- cancerous). Brain tumors can be broadly classified into two categories: Primary brain tumors i.e those that begin in the brain and tend to stay in the brain and Metastatic brain tumors which begin as a cancer elsewhere in the body and migrate, to the brain [1].
Various methodologies whic...
... middle of paper ...
...al image segmentation,” Expert Systems with Applications. In press.
35. SUCHITA S.MESAKAR, M.S.CHAUDHARI, “IMAGE SEGMENTATION BY FUZZY CLUSTERING ALGORITHM FOR BRAIN TUMOR DETECTION,” Proceedings of IRAJ International Conference, 21st July 2013, Pune, India, ISBN: 978-93-82702-22-1.
36. M´ario A. T. Figueiredo, Dong Seon Cheng, Vittorio Murino, “Clustering Under Prior Knowledge with Application to Image Segmentation,” .
37. Ameer Ali, M., Dooley, L.S., and Karmakar,G.C.,Object based segmentation using fuzzy clustering, in IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.2006.
38. J.Selvakumar, A.Lakshmi, T.Arivoli, “Brain tumor segmentation and its area calculation in brain MR Images using K-Mean Clustering and Fuzzy C-Mean Algorithm”, International Conference On Advances in Engineering, Science and Management(ICAESM-2012) March 30,31 2012.
Currently Dr. Correia is a Neuropsychologist at the Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center. At Brown University, he is the Neuropsychology Intern Track Coordinator, the Director of the Neuropsychology Grant Writing Seminar and works in the MRI research Facility. He is the Assistant Director at the Neuroimaging Center at Butler Hospital and is also in the Imaging Core Executive Committee there.
...owell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., & Toga, A. W. (2004). Mapping changes in the human cortex
After seeing his physician, he told him that he had some of the common symptoms of a brain tumor. Brain tumors have a variety of symptoms ranging from headache to stroke. Seizures may be the initial manifestation of a brain tumor, and eventually as many as 30% of patients with brain tumors will develop seizures. Gradual loss of movement or sensation in an arm or leg may occur. Unsteadiness or imbalance, and double vision may occur, especially if it is associated with headache.
The first stage of treatment for glioblastoma is surgery. After surgery, an average GBM tumor is generally reduced 99%. It is used to take a section for a diagnosis, to diminish some of the symptoms of a large mass pressing against the brain, to remove disease before secondary...
The K-Means algorithm is used for cluster analysis by dividing data points into k clusters. The K means algorithm will group the data into the cluster based on feature similarity.
The distribution of the type of brain and CNS tumors is shown in Figure 2.
Positron Emission Tomography is a scanning technique that allows us to measure in detail the functioning of distinct areas of the human brain while the patient is comfortable, conscious and alert. PET represents a type of functional imaging, unlike X-rays or CT scans, which show only structural details within the brain. The differences between these types of imaging don’t end there.
Retinal vessel segmentation is important for the diagnosis of numerous eye diseases and plays an important role in automatic retinal disease screening systems. Automatic segmentation of retinal vessels and characterization of morphological attributes such as width, length, tortuosity, branching pattern and angle are utilized for the diagnosis of different cardiovascular and ophthalmologic diseases. Manual segmentation of retinal blood vessels is a long and tedious task which also requires training and skill. It is commonly accepted by the medical community that automatic quantification of retinal vessels is the first step in the development of a computer-assisted diagnostic system for ophthalmic disorders. A large number of algorithms for retinal vasculature segmentation have been proposed. The algorithms can be classified as pattern recognition techniques, matched filtering, vessel tracking, mathematical morphology, multiscale approaches, and model based approaches. The first paper on retinal blood vessel segmentation appeared in 1989 by Chaudhuri et al. [21]...
Kanske, P., Heissler, J., Schönfelder, S., Forneck, J., & Wessa, M. (2013). Neural correlates of
According to SEER Statistics, 23,380 people are estimated to get a brain or nervous system cancer diagnosis. Out of those people, 14,320 people are estimated to die from their brain or nervous system cancer diagnosis (National Cancer Institute). Cancer is a type of dangerous tumor, or a buildup of extra cells that form a mass of tissue, that can be life threatening (National Cancer Institute). The term for a tumor that is cancerous is a malignat tumor, whereas a benign tumor does not contain cancer cells (National Cancer Institute). According to the National Cancer Institute, the causes of brain cancer are unknown, but risk factors include family history and excessive radiaton exposure. Although they are not always due to a brain tumor, comon symptoms include headaches, nausea, speech, hearing, vision, and mood changes, problems with balance and mamories, seizures, and numbness in arms and legs (National Cancer Institute). MRI and CT scans as well as surgical biposies (or the removal of part of the tumor to be examined) are used to diagnose brain cancer (National Cancer Institute). Different types of treatment options include radiation therapy, surgery to remove the tumor, and chemotherapy. According to Charles Davis, MD, PhD and Nitin Tandon, MD of WebMD.com, chemotherapy is “ the use of powerful drugs to kill tumor cells”. There are a few different types of chemotherapy, but all of which bring out the same kinds of side effects. Although the physical side effects of chemotherapy are commonly known, few people know of the emotional toll chemotherapy can take on a patient and his or her family as they go though this process.
Nurnberger JI Jr, Wiegand R, Bucholz K, O'Connor S, Meyer ET, Reich T, Rice J, Schuckit M, King L, Petti T, .Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004 Dec; 61(12):1246-56.
Since the brain is extremely fragile and difficult to access without risking further damage, imaging techniques are used frequently as a noninvasive method of visualizing the brain’s structure and activity. Today's technology provides many useful tools for studying the brain. But even with our highest technology out there we do not know everything definitely. We do have fallbacks at times and these fallbacks can lead to serious problems.
If this was a perfect world, the moment a person underwent a surgery there would be no risk of having after effects of a major surgery. The doctors would be able to diagnose, treat and cure patients without causing any harmful side effects but reality is the total opposite of this. There is something that is helping to improve the perfect world that we reside upon in the medical field with Medical Imaging this fact has been improving. The use of medical imaging has provided the opportunity to the doctors to see inside a patient without having to cut them open. Medical imaging is the visualization of body parts, tissues, or organs, for use in clinical diagnosis, treatment and disease monitoring. It has also helped on many other fields for example it the field of neurobiology and human behavior. Imaging techniques encompass the fields of radiology, nuclear medicine and optical imaging and image-guided intervention, furthermore medical imaging is justified also to follow the course of a disease already diagnosed and/or treated.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI),which is one of the most exciting recent developments in biomedical magnetic resonance imaging, allows the non-invasive visualisation of human brain function(1).
How does one see the symptoms for childhood cancer? First one must know that there are many different types. There are forty different types of children’s cancer, including: Leukemia, Lymphoma, Sarcomas, cancers of the nervous system, liver cancers, kidney cancer, and more. Out of these cancers, the two most common childhood cancers are Leukemia, and brain tumors. What is leukemia? It is a cancer in which the bone marrow and other organs that produce blood produce and increased amount of immature or abnormal white blood cells. The symptoms of leukemia are paleness, excessive bruising, pain in the joints, and fatigue. Brain tumors are formed when a massive amount of cells are produced on the brain. The symptoms for this are frequent headaches, vomiting, seizures, decreased coordination, weakness, and problems concerning vision.