Over the last several years, the total number of investment options that investors have available to them, have increased dramatically. This is evident in the overall increase in the number of private equity funds, hedge funds and mutual funds. For example, the total number of private equity deals that were completed in the year 1970 was a total of 12 transactions accounting for $13 million of investment capital. In 2007, this number of transactions increased 2, 247 and accounted for a total of $70 billion in investment capital. (Shapiro, 2008) This is significant because it underscores the overall shift in the way that investors can make money, in an economy that is increasingly becoming more globalized. As a result, the prudent investor has a detailed understanding of the different investment vehicles available to them. Where, knowing how each one works can help to improve the overall returns of the investment strategy that is being utilized. To achieve this objective requires a careful understanding between the different asset classes of: private equity funds, hedge funds and mutual funds. Where, examining the way that each one works, when to most effectively utilize them and real world examples of the various investments; will provide the greatest insights at to differences in valuations between the three. Together, these different elements will highlight how all three investment vehicles are being increasingly used by a number of different investors around the world.
Private Equity Funds
A private equity fund is when a group of investors will pool their money together to purchase those companies that have been facing tremendous financial difficulties. Where, the private equity firm will seek to buy the business, then, the...
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The purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of the article called “Can We Keep Our Promises?” by Robert D. Arnott, and to help better understand the three key risks facing each investor.
Shmoop Editorial Team. "The Market Revolution Summary & Analysis." Shmoop University, Inc. Shmoop.com, 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 4 Nov. 2011. .
... Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment", The American Economic Review, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 261-297.
Shawna De La Rosa, Demand Media. How Does the Stock Market Influence Our Economy. n.d. .
The economy is always changing, and new ideas continue to be created, tested, and integrated into the financial world. Before World War II, wealthy families owned most companies and businesses. The families, or select wealthy individuals, dominated the economy and the rest of the population had little to no involvement in it. Takeovers, or buyouts of other companies were done in small scales, because the families lacked the funding to takeover larger companies. However, after the War the opportunities to participate in the economy slowly expanded. As the American communities began to recover, the economy slowly began to prosper once again. People began to invest more in companies, and buy shares in larger corporations, which allowed them to have some control over the management’s decisions. The old notion that companies were mostly family owned began to fade out; the owners were growing old and wanted to “avoid estate taxes and retain family control”. This left two options for them: either to make their family corporation in an initial public offering (IPO), or to have a larger company takeover. Neither of these options allowed the family to maintain complete control over their business. When Henry Kravis, Jerome Kohlberg, and George Roberts, began their careers in economics, they slowly began to utilize their own ideas and strategies, and eventually formed their own company. They reintroduced something called the leveraged buyout (LBO), a practice sparsely utilized by investors in the 1950’s, which later became the most popular form of takeover during the time. This buyout became the “third option” for the previously family owned companies to continue owning the business, but there were many other aspects included. These three...
This paper will serve as a discussion on the topic of investment banking. In this paper the author includes various articles and thoughts that help to understand the background and principle of investment banking. This discourse will attempt to address this issue through explaining what investment banking is, introducing major investment bankers, and how investment banking affects our globally economy. Investment Banking Defined Investopedia (2008) stated this definition about investment banking, “A specific division of banking related to the creation of capital for other companies. Investment banks underwrite new debt and equity securities for all types of corporations.
William Sharpe, Gordon J. Alexander, Jeffrey W Bailey. Investments. Prentice Hall; 6 edition, October 20, 1998
Adelman, P. J., & Marks, A. M. (2010). Entrepreneurial finance. (5 ed.). Bedford, Texas: Prentice Hall.
During the 1920s, approximately 20 million Americans took advantage of post-war prosperity by purchasing shares of stock in various securities exchanges. When the stock market crashed in 1929, the fortunes of many investors were lost. In addition, banks lost great sums of money in the Crash because they had invested heavily in the markets. When people feared their banks might not be able to pay back the money that depositors had in their accounts, a “run” on the banking system caused many bank failures. After the crash, public confidence in the market and the economy fell sharply. In response, Congress held hearings to identify the problems and look for solutions; the answer was found in the new SEC. The Commission was established in 1934 to enforce new securities laws that were passed with the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The two new laws stated that “Companies publicly offering securities must tell the public the truth about their businesses, the securities they are selling and the risks involved in the investing.” Secondly, “People who sell and trade securities must treat investors fairly and honestly, putting investors’ interests first.”2
Equity capital represents money put up and owned by shareholders. This money can be used to fund projects and other opportunities under the auspice of creating greater value. This type of capital is typically the most expensive. In order to attract investors, the firms expected returns must consummate with the associated risk ("Financial leverage and,"). To illustrate this, consider a speculative oil drilling operation, this type of operation would require higher promised returns than say a Wal-Mart in order to attract investors. The two primary forms of equity capital are 1) money invested into the business for an ownership stake (i.e. stock) and 2) retained earnings from past profits used to fund future growth through acquisitions, expansions and product development.
Loos, N. (2006). Value creation in leveraged buyouts: Analysis of factors driving private equity investment performance. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitäts Verlag.
Analyzing in terms of investment, if a private investor puts money into a company he has an expectation of both risk and return on the investment. Given a particular level of risk, the investment needs to be expected to have a particular level of return. For example, investment in a start-up needs to have the potential for a very high return, given the higher risk of failure, while investment in a large established business can be coupled with a lower expected return, given the lower risk of failure.
Modigliania, F., & Miller, M. H. (1958). The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment. The American Economic Review.
For an organisation to rise fund, they usually tend to look at the stock market and capital market to do it so. This is two markets are usually seemed similar by the investors as they both contributes to the development of an economy. But there are significant difference between them. The capital market is a market that consist of stock market as well as the bond market. As a result, the capital market provides a long-standing finance using the debt capital and the equity capital. Capital markets divided into two sectors known as primary markets and secondary markets. The primary market is where securities are issued for the first time whereas the secondary market is where securities that have been already issued are traded among investors (Difference...
Our understanding and the concept of investment in behavioural finance combines economics and psychology to analyse how and why investors make final decision. As an investor one’s decision to invest is fully influence by different type of attitudes of behavioural and psychological ( Ricciardi & Simon, 2000). Yet, in order to maximize their financial goal, investors must have a good investment planning. Furthermore , to gain a good investment planning , there must be a good decision making among investors. They have to choose the right investment plan I order to manage the resources for different type of investments not only to gain profit wise but also to avoid the risk that occur from investment.