Summary of Metronidazole Article: Bacterial vaginosis is one of the major contributors of vaginal infections during pregnancy and accounts for 40 percent of these cases. Generally, bacterial vaginosis is associated with several obstretic complications like pre-term labor and delivery, untimely rupture of membranes, postpartum endometrisis, and chorioamnionitis (Wang et. al., 2010, p.444). Metronidazole has traditionally been used as the drug of choice in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis because it is an agent of the nitroimidazole antibiotic family. This drug has been used for several decades because it efficiency in treating the condition ranges between 80 and 90 percent and can be administered across all pregnancy stages while tolerated by pregnant women. The ability of the drug to achieve the high levels of efficacy is attributed to the fact that it can be found in the cord blood, fetal tissue, and amniotic fluid in high concentrations. The authors of the article reported the findings of two early studies conducted on the administration of the drug to pregnant women diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis. One of the studies was conducted during pregnancy after a single intravenous of the drug while the other was performed after single or multiple oral doses were administered between 8 and 14 weeks of pregnancy. Both studies demonstrated that pharmacokinetic stricture of the drug in pregnant women is similar to those of healthy volunteers. The analyses also showed that after nearly 34 weeks of gestation, pregnancy-induced increases in the plasma volume that could have an impact on metronidazole distribution reach their maximum. In light of the findings of the study, the pharmacokinetic parameters of this drug would v... ... middle of paper ... ...ifiable in any patient with the disease, and provides special information associated with staging or anatomic disease extent. The other attribute that make the antigen an ideal tumor cell maker include the fact that it permits for earlier identification of treatment failure resulting in early salvage treatment. Prostate-specific antigen is sensitive in determining persistent or recurrent disease after treatment and has had significant effect on every aspect of prostate-cancer patient care. The efficacy of the antigen as an ideal tumor cell maker is evident in the fact that there is currently no better technique than prostate-specific antigen for evaluating prostate cancer patients after treatment. Prostate-specific antigen is the ideal tumor cell maker despite its shortcomings and is commonly used to screen for cancer in general population (“Tumor Makers”, 2013).
...nant women and neonates (that are infected with Chlamydia), erythromycin is the drug of choice. Chlamydia may be difficult to completely eradicate, but in the past few years, the incidence rates have been steady, and with planning and spreading information about it, we can attack the overwhelming incidence rate and curb the spread of Chlamydia.
Bacteria vaginosis is treated with antibiotic medications (CDC). Metronidazole is commonly used. Metronidazole treatment does not adversely affect lactobacilli so they are able to recolonize the vagina and reduce the risk of late-stage relapse (Catlin, 1992). The cephalosporins available in the late 1970s were not very active against G. vaginalis.
Women who test positive for GBS are usually given antibiotics during childbirth to eliminate bacteria in their birth canals. However, there is no ben...
Meanwhile, a study made by Palmer found that inhaled antibiotics used as adjunct to systemic antibiotic therapy has proven to improve the clinical outcome of patients with MDR VAP (6). The study also showed a direct relationship between antibiotic resistance with the se of systematic antibiotics. Aerosolized antibiotic used in this study that are proven to be effective are: amikacin, colistin, ceftazidime, gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomycin, and yancomycin.
Although there are no over-the-counter (OTC) medications to treat or cure syphilis, if diagnosed early, it can be easily treated and cured. For most cases of syphilis, a single intramuscular shot of Benzathine penicillin G can be given to cure individuals during the primary and secondary stages of the disease. Receiving a series of three intramuscular injections of Benzathine penicillin G over a specified period can treat those in the latent stage of syphilis (CDC, 2016a). Those individuals who have reached the tertiary stage may be required to be hospitalized to receive daily intravenous penicillin therapy (NIAID, 2016). Penicillin is also the recommend drug for treating women who are pregnant, and is considered to be extremely effective in
Subjects were then single-blindedly allocated into one of three groups, all of which involved consuming two tablets orally. Medical conditions and recently consumed medications were taken into account before assigning the subjects into their respective groups. The groups were as follows; group A (n=24) consumed 2 placebo tablets, group B (n=25) consumed 2 paracetamol tablets (1000 mg), and group C (n=26) consumed 1 Panadeine (8mg codeine) and 1 paracetamol tablet (1000 mg). If the subject weight less than 51 kg, only half of the mentioned doses was given. After drug administration, participants rested for 60 minutes to allow digestion of the drugs. After which, they repeated the ischemic and cold-induced pain
Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of world-wide cancer-related death in men after lung cancer (WCRF International), and in Australia, it accounts for 30% of all new cancers in men and 13.4% of all cancer deaths in men (Cancer Australia). Currently, Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) is the most commonly used serum biomarker for prostate cancer most routinely used by urologists. However, PSA-based screening has been shown to have high false positives and false negatives with low specificity, and it is not able to distinguish well between cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia or between indolent and aggressive cancers, thus leading to overtreatment, especially unnecessary biopsies (Otero) (Qian). Therefore, there is an urgent need for a new specific biomarker for the early detection of prostate cancer, and effective biomarkers will be able to reduce morality rates and appropriate clinical interventions can be applied.
applied probiotic capsules for bacterial vaginosis and other vaginal infections: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 168(2013), 75-79. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.12.031p
...gens are exogenous (outside the cell) and will be presented to helper T cells to initiate an immune response. This can trigger cytotoxic T cells to kill cancer cells with the same antigen – often HPV viral proteins in cervical cancer. T cells may not be activated to their full potential – recall that the inhibitory receptor CTLA-4 on T cells sends a stronger signal than CD28, the activating receptor. Ipilimumab is added to treatment for this reason. It will work in conjunction with the released antigens, activating the T cells that can respond to the antigens and create an immune response against the cancer cells (LACC article). Adding ipilimumab to the chemo/radiation treatment would enhance the immune system’s ability to respond to the antigen released by the treatment. This is the first time a treatment like this has been suggested for cervical cancer (LACC).
...blood and increase the absorption and concentration of digoxin in the blood. This may reduce the effectiveness of ketoconazole or increase digoxin toxicity. Through unknown mechanisms, omeprazole may increase blood levels of saquinavir and reduce blood levels of nelfinavir and atazanavir, drugs that are used for treating patients with infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Omeprazole can be contraindicated in patient with hepatic impairment thus doctors are advised not to prescribe more than 20mg daily of omeprazole for such patients. [1] [3] [4]
...pregnancy. No antibiotic has been listed in Category A (no risk for the fetus based on human controlled studies). Administration of antibiotics, such as Amoxycillin and Doxycycline, has been associated with the failure of oral (birth control) preparations. It is unsolved whether antibiotics contribute to pill failure.
In the last decade, the number of prescriptions for antibiotics has increases. Even though, antibiotics are helpful, an excess amount of antibiotics can be dangerous. Quite often antibiotics are wrongly prescribed to cure viruses when they are meant to target bacteria. Antibiotics are a type of medicine that is prone to kill microorganisms, or bacteria. By examining the PBS documentary Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria and the article “U.S. government taps GlaxoSmithKline for New Antibiotics” by Ben Hirschler as well as a few other articles can help depict the problem that is of doctors prescribing antibiotics wrongly or excessively, which can led to becoming harmful to the body.
Leonard G.S., Tovey G.D., Lee R.M., (1979) The Pharmaceutical Development and Bioavailability of Cimetidine Capsule and Tablet Formulations, DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY, 5 ( 2 ) , pp 217-226.
There are several medicines that can help rid of this disease. The most helpful and effective medications used are Metronidazole, Tinidazole, Nitazoxanide or Furazolidone. Alcohol should not be consumed when taking any of these medications. Pregnant women are not allowed to take these medications hence the effect it will have on the fetus. Metronidazole (flagyl) is the most commonly used antibiotic to this disease. Some side effects are nausea, metallic taste in mouth, vomiting, headache and dry mouth. Nitazoxanide is accessible in liquid form and must be taken with some type of food. Tinidazole is an anti protozoal antibiotic that helps treat certain bacterial maladies including Giardiasis. Common symptoms include dark urine, vomiting, headache, constipation, general body discomfort, stomach pain and
Over the years birthing methods have changed a great deal. When technology wasn’t so advanced there was only one method of giving birth, vaginally non-medicated. However, in today’s society there are now more than one method of giving birth. In fact, there are three methods: Non-medicated vaginal delivery, medicated vaginal delivery and cesarean delivery, also known as c-section. In the cesarean delivery there is not much to prepare for before the operation, except maybe the procedure of the operation. A few things that will be discussed are: the process of cesarean delivery, reasons for this birthing method and a few reasons for why this birthing method is used. Also a question that many women have is whether or not they can vaginally deliver after a cesarean delivery, as well as the risks and benefits if it. Delivering a child by a c-section also has a few advantages and disadvantages for both the mother and child; this will also be discussed in more depth a bit later.