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paper on history of vaccination
significance of the study of immunization toward childhood
significance of the study of immunization toward childhood
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Melinda Gates said, "Having children made us look differently at all these things that we take for granted, like taking your child to get a vaccine against measles or polio" (Paulson, 2003) I can agree with that. After the birth of our first child, Paxton, my husband and I knew we wanted to do everything possible to protect our kids. Especially from diseases that are easily preventable and when there are vaccines readily available here in the United States. Living in the United States is truly a blessing because of the economy and infrastructure we have built. We have access to the most advanced technologies and medicines, as well as an abundance of doctors to treat us whenever we are ill. For a long time in America, measles was just something that happened to every kid once; now it is something that barely happens at all thanks to immunizations. Some places in this world are not so lucky, and measles is a killer that preys on the young. Many of these places have weak economies and no infrastructure. Doctors are scarce and medicines are second rate or unavailable altogether. How can there be such different worlds in such close proximity? According to the World Health Organization, over 95% of measles cases and measles related deaths occur in low income countries (WHO, 2009). Something we have for all practical purposes eradicated in the United States still ravages parts of the world. With the knowledge of how measles devastates other parts of the world, it shocks me how parents here in the U.S. still choose not to vaccinate their children.
Measles is a serious disease that threatens billions of people worldwide. It is notoriously known as one of the most contagious diseases that preys on humans. It seems lik...
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... Organization/United Nations Children's Fund. (2006). WHO/UNICEF joint statement global plan for reducing measles mortality 2006-2010. Retrieved from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2005/WHO_IVB_05_11_eng.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Possible Side Effects from Vaccines 3/13/2008 Retrieved July 18, 2011 from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/side-effects.htm#mmr
USA Today Liz Szabo 6/27/2010 Seizure Concern: Split up Chickenpox, MMR Vaccines Retrieved July 18, 2011 from http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2010-06-28-vaccines28_st_N.htm
Dr. Donald W. Miller, Jr., MD A User-Friendly Vaccination Schedule Dec. 10 2004 retrieved July 18 2011 from http://www.lewrockwell.com/miller/miller15.html
Medicaid and Childhood Immunizations: A National Study by Joseph Tiang-Yau Liu and Sara Rosenbaum 1992 retrieved July 18. 2011 from ERIC
Malone, K and Hinaman, A (n.d.) ,Vaccination mandates, the public Imperative and Mandate, http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/imz-managers/guides-pubs/downloads/vacc_mandates_chptr13.pdf. Accessed on 5/19/2014
The Measles starts with a fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes, and sore throat. It is then followed by a rash that spreads over the body, starting first on the face along the hairline. The infectious period of measles is 4 days before rash onset through 4 days after rash onset. The measles are a highly contagious virus that lives in the nose and throat mucus and spreads through the air through coughing and sneezing. (WHO, 2016). The measles virus can remain airborne for up to an hour after the infected person has left the area. The measles are so contagious that if one person has it, 90% of the unvaccinated people close to them will become infected. Rarely can the virus be deadly. The incubation period for
By 2006, vaccines for Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR), Hepatitis A and B, Chickenpox, and Hib were created and licensed. Vaccinations for these diseases, as they were created, would be required of students enrolled in school (“Government”). Today, the most common vaccines required by
The history of vaccinations does not begin with the first vaccination itself but rather an infectious disease that had greatly affected the human population. In 1796 Edward Jenner created a successful composition using cowpox material that created immunity to the ongoing growth of the small pox disease. Jenner’s method underwent 200 years of medical and technological changes until it had finally resulted in complete elimination of the smallpox disease. Vaccinations have been a controversial medical topic for many years and although it is proven to be an effective means of preventing serious effects, including fatalities from childhood illnesses the controversy remains that the side effects from the immunizations outweigh the risk of contracting the disease. According to the College of Physicians of Philadelphia they state that “innovative techniques now drive vaccine research, with recombinant DNA technology and new delivery techniques leading scientist in new directions. Disease targets have expanded, and some vaccine research is beginning to focus on non-infectious conditions, such as addictions and allergies” (“The History of Vaccines” College of Physicians of Philadelphia. Web. 10 January. 2014). While public health officials insist that vaccines are the best way to protect public health. Over the past thirty years the vaccination schedule has tripled and since then there has been an alarming rise in the infant mortality rate in America. The problem is not the vaccination itself, but the quality of the vaccination.
WHO, (2005). Immunization against diseases of public health importance. Available at: < http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs288/en/index.html> [Accessed on 10 November 2010].
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has listed immunizations as the number one greatest public health achievement in the 20th century. This attainment towards the goal of health and safety is a huge success for not only our country but from the global perspective as well. Immunizations help to prevent illness and death from vaccine-preventable diseases. The World Health Organization states that global vaccination coverage has remained consistent for the past few years; for example, the percentage of infants fully vaccinated against diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis has held secure at 83%. Programs for population-wide vaccinations have helped with the annihilation of polio in America since the late 1970’s, the eradication of smallpox, and the control of numerous other infectious diseases in the United States and other parts of the world.
The film I Am Legend depicts the introduction and the aftermath of a genetically modified strain of measles, given to cancer-ridden individuals, in hopes of a cure. Although, it takes a turn for the worse when only 10% of the world’s population remains alive after three years and a lone virologist is left to cure this disease. This paper discusses the shortcomings, as well as plausible facts surrounding the virological processes behind the film. While there is a strong actuality of the cure for cancer being derived from a genetically modified strain of the measles virus, the other virological components behind the film I Am Legend are not factual in their entirety, because they do not take into consideration the actual process of acquiring
Since last century infectious diseases have been well controlled by immunisation, sanitation, and improved living environment in many countries (Plant & Watson 2008). However, due to the inaccessibility to the clean water and vaccination in some areas, these diseases continue to cause outbreak (Plant & Watson 2008; Moser, Reiss & Schwartz 2015). Infectious diseases may present similar symptoms but distinct patterns. They could have same or different mechanism of transmission, prevention thus are based on their modes of transmission. This essay will be comparing and contrasting varicella-zoster and measles, discussing their similar and pathognomonic signs and symptoms, incidence within Australia and worldwide, transmission and management of spread in healthcare and community settings.
There are pros and cons to immunization, some who choose not to immunize themselves or their children do so not because they do not believe in immunization, but because they believe it should be their choice and not the governments’ choice to have their immunized. It is important for families to make sure that they are in compliance with their state’s immunization laws and it is important for health care providers to be involved in order to help a family research and discuss vaccinations. This is necessary in order for them to make
"A Shot in the Arm for Childhood Immunization Programs." Trust for America's Health (2004): 3-18. Print. August 2004. Web. 5 Feb. 2014.
Parents get the majority of their information about these vaccines using the click of their mouse. Although there is an abundance of information on the internet, not all of it is reliable or accurate. Infectious diseases will always be a threat, but the only way to stand up against them and protect ourselves is to build an “army of immunized soldiers”.
Even in the present high-tech age of medicine, there is an ever growing population of outspoken objectors to the modern practice of routine childhood vaccinations. Many believe that vaccines are not safe because they are not natural, or that they cause autism and feel that the risk of negative side effects are not worth the benefit of protection against the infectious diseases themselves. Others just do not want to be told what they can and cannot do in regard to their own children’s health. Although the concerns may be well meaning, the reality is that the advent of vaccines has remarkably changed the landscape of disease in the United States for the better. The growing reluctance and refusal of some parents to immunize their children has resulted in the increased incidence of measles and other serious and often fatal diseases in
"While prevalent vaccinations have nearly eradicated what were once very common and deadly diseases, the unfortunate irony is that without the threat of such deadly diseases the proportion of the population that is not adequately vaccinated has grown" (Baumgaertner, Carlisle, Justwan., 2018). There could be several reasons for this increase, including, but not limited to are not limited to cultural influences, financial barriers, environmental changes, or other reasons. This paper will also identify these reasons why the increase in the percentage of the population deciding not to be vaccinated.
“Childhood vaccines are one of the great triumphs of modern medicine. Indeed, parents whose children are vaccinated no longer have to worry about their child's death or disability from whooping cough, polio, diphtheria, hepatitis, or a host of other infections.” (Ezekiel J. Emanuel, 1). Vaccines helped humanity for many years in eliminating illnesses that disfigured, disabled and a lot of times took lives away. Children who do not get vaccinated not only risk themselves by being an easy target for diseases they also, harm everyone around them. In the end, today's children are the fuel of the future. Every parent should think carefully before taking any chance that may harm the coming generation.
The life expectancy at birth of the total population is 75 years old (Central Intelligence Agency). With China having a significant amount of the measles cases in the Western Pacific region, this country suffers great morbidity from the virus (Chao Ma et al, 340). Between 1970 and 1979, the average incidence of measles recorded in China was 355.3 per 100,000. Between 1980 and 1989, the average incidence of measles was 52.9 per 100,000. Between 1990 and 1999, the average incidence of measles was 7.6 per 100,000 (Chao Ma et al, 340). Since 2000, the incidence has stayed below 10 (Chao Ma et al, 340). In 2006, a national action plan was created to eliminate measles in China. This plan was to go through 2012 and use strategies such as immunization and measles surveillance (Chao Ma et al, 340). In September 2010, organized nationwide immunizations took place across China. These immunizations reached a coverage of 97.52% (Chao Ma et al, 341). Great success was seen through this action plan; however, in 2013 there was a reappearance of measles among young children who were unvaccinated (Chao Ma et al, 345). This shows how important it is for China to have routine vaccine programs to make sure no child has been