Moomba plant is located in Cooper Basin, South Australia. This plant receives feed from 115 gas fields and 28 oil fields containing 536 gas producing wells and 177 oil producing wells, respectively. The central processing unit in Moomba consist of:
• Oil processing: crude stabilisation, crude/condensate storage and liquid export.
• Gas processing: inlet slug catchers, five Benfield CO2 removal plants, gas dehydration via molecular sieves, a natural gas liquids recovery plant, and pipeline compression.
• Generation of its own utilities (Register, 2010).
Due to high percentage of CO2, the feed is processed in CO2 Removal Plant prior undergone further processing in Liquid Recovery Plant in order to minimise corrosion. There are currently five active CO2 absorbers in the plant. Raw gas enters the absorber near the bottom of the vessel via a gas distributor. As the gas flows up the absorber, it contacts a counter-current flow of hot, lean potassium carbonate solution which will absorb CO2 from the raw gas (Santos, 2008).
Internal Corrosion of the Absorber
Raw gas that enters the absorber is very corrosive due to high containment of CO2 (about 17.5-21.5%) and presence of water (Santos, 2008). Material construction of the absorber is conventional carbon steel which is susceptible to CO2 corrosion. The attempt to mitigate the corrosion in the absorber has been taken place by pre-mixing the lean potassium carbonate with corrosion inhibitor.
Figure 1. Image taken during absorber internal inspection in 2012. It is shown that the absorber has undergone severe corrosion on the upper part section where wall loss of 3-4 mm has been recorded (Santos, 2012).
However, not all part of the absorber is protected. ...
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..., Adelaide: Santos.
Davies, A. & editor, 1998. Handbook of Condition Monitoring. 1st ed. London: Chapman and Hall.
Intico, 2006. #6 CO2 Absorber Thickness Survey Summary, s.l.: s.n.
Intico, 2007. CO2 Absorber No. 7 – Thickness Survey Data Analysis, s.l.: s.n.
Intico, 2008. Absorber Thickness Survey Summary Spreadsheet. s.l.:Intico.
Parsons, W., 2007. Santos RDAM Project - Moomba Plant, Perth: s.n.
Register, l., 2010. Santos Moomba Facility Formal Safety Assessment, s.l.: s.n.
Santos, 2008. Santos Moomba CO2 Train No. Operator Manual, s.l.: s.n.
Santos, 2012. Pressure Equipment Inspection Report - Maximo Asset No. 131147, Moomba: s.n.
Veritas, B., 2008. CO2 Absorbers 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7– Thickness Survey Data Analysis Summary, s.l.: Bureau Veritas.
Willcox, M. & Downes, G., 2003. A Brief Description of NDT Techniques. Hereford: Insight NDT Equipment Ltd.
The issue presented in this paper is how one can aim to reduce the amounts released, and what the best ways to solve this problem are. This has been long debated amongst scientists, businessmen, Industry-owners, and politicians amongst many other eminent figures in society. The four major approaches to reducing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere include: subsidies of alternative energy, cap and trade, carbon taxes, and command and control regulation. We will examine and compare the effectiveness of two of these methods: The carb...
[16] G99-05.ASTM Standard for wear testing. Standard test methods for wear testing with a pin on disk apparatus designation, ASM International, New York, 2005.
Describe the design on the machine and how their component parts work to produce an image.
After the oil/gas mixture is drawn from the ground, it is then stored into a storage tank and allowed to rest for a while. Then the gas is piped off to a set of distillation columns to clean up the ethane. In order to activate the chemical reaction necessary to separate the ethane, a thermal cracking unit (a sort of long heated tube) i.e. a plug flow reactor is used. After a series of distillations, ethylene exits the tube.
Ultrasonic testing (UT) is considered as one of the modern technology that would allow engineering constructions and solid materials to be checked and detect internal faults while keeping structures intact and undamaged. Ultrasonics use acoustic waves to disseminate through the material to test and detect any irregularity. Such irregularities are discontinuities (type and location), the material’s grain structure, thickness, internal corrosion etc. Ultrasonic testing can be used on a wide variety of plastics, composites, ceramics and metals but cannot be used on wood and paper products. Other limitations include the material’s shape, its surface, its orientation when testing and the device must be able to test the material with ease.
Over the past 15 years and despite the recent global economic downturn the CSG industry has continued to grow rapidly in both development and exploration. The Queensland’s coal seam gas overview shows this clearly with the annual number of wells drilled has increased from 10 in the early 1990s to nearly 600 in 2011 (Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation QLD, 2012).
Pohl, P. S., McDowd, J. M., Filion, D., Richards, L. G., Stiers, W., & Kluding, P. (2007). Task
...rms a thin, strong, water-resistant, layer of zinc carbonate, which protects the metal from further corrosion. (Galvanization 2014)
The famous problem in our country is the major forms of environmental attack is chloride ingress which lead to the corrosion of the reinforcing steel and a subsequent reduction in strength serviceability and the aesthetics values of the structure. This may lead to preliminary repair or replacement of the structure.
IEA - Carbon capture and storage (CCS). 2014. IEA - Carbon capture and storage (CCS). Available from [11 April 2014].
... temperature of 112 0C also and a pressure 2.5 bar. Cooling water is used to condense the vapor exiting column. Remaining methane and hydrogen are separated in reflux drum where the vapor stream is combined with other gases streams. The overhead of first and second separator are combined to form fuel gas. The liquid stream exiting in the bottoms of the reflux drum is pumped at pressure of 3.3 bar for discharging pressure. The pump stream is separated in two streams. One stream is to feed to tray one of the column and the other one stream is cooled down to 38 0C in heat exchanger. Then, the cooled product stream is sent to storage.
Cleaning process, including using moderate caustic detergent with chelating and surfactant supplements following a washing cycle. In the tank, separation of yeast and beer occur and concentrating operations also happened with some microorganisms entrained with yeast as deposited in the tank. Wild yeast, wort spoilers, bacteria and beer spoilt lactic acid may present along in the tank. Citric acid will be the recommended solution since it is difficult to maintain a proper pH. The tank will be acidify until the pH is stable around 2 to 3 which will result in the reduced number of contaminating
Corrosion is the deterioration and undesirable scale formation in metal by either chemical attack or reaction with its environment. Corrosion control of metals involves technical, economical, environmental, and aesthetical significance. The use of corrosion inhibitors constitutes one of the most economical ways to protect metal surfaces against corrosion and preserve industrial facilities [1, 2]. The study of corrosion of mild steel is a subject of incredible theoretical and practical interest and as such has established a considerable amount of attention. Industrial acid cleaning, acid descaling, acid pickling and oil well acidizing widely require acid solutions. The use of corrosion inhibitors is very necessary in order to restrain corrosion attack of acid solutions on metallic materials. A corrosion inhibitor is a chemical substance which, when added in small
Corrosion is the damage of a metal because of chemical reactions between it and the surrounding environment.”1 The rate of that damage is determined by both the type of metal and the environmental conditions, and most specifically gasses that are in contact with the metal.1
Protection of metallic zinc by either hot-dip galvanizing or electroplating, Zinc is traditionally used because it is cheap, adheres well to steel, and provides cathodic protection to the steel surface in case of damage of the zinc layer. In more corrosive environments (such as salt water), cadmium plating is preferred. Galvanization often fails at seams, holes, and joints where there are gaps in the coating. In these cases, the coating still provides some partial cathodic protection to iron, by acting as a galvanic anode and corroding itself instead of the underlying protected metal. The protective zinc layer is consumed by this action, and thus galvanization provides protection only for a limited period of time.