Mannitol
Mannitol can be truly useful in the clinical setting as a diagnostic agent, osmotic diuretic and urinary irrigant. Mannitol’s chemical class is hexahydroxy alcohol and it is a pregnancy category B drug. Mannitol is a six-carbon sugar and is known by the generic name of mannitol or Osmitrol, which is the most common brand name. Mannitol is usually available in 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% injection form. Mannitol is considered a diuretic which promotes urine production. It is also helpful in preventing the kidney from shutting down. It increases osmotic pressure of the glomerular filtrate, inhibiting reabsorption of water and electrolytes and creates an osmotic gradient in the glomerular filtrate and blood (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008, p.183).
Mannitol has its major effect in the proximal tubule and the descending limb of the loop of Henle. Water concentration is reabsorbed down the tubule, therefore the concentration of mannitol increases. “The concentration of tubular sodium is thereby reduced, creating a gradient for black-flux of reabsorbed sodium into the tubule, and a natriuresis (albeit of lower magnitude) accompanies the diuresis” (Ronco, Bellomo & Kellum, 2009, p. 552). Mannitol produces an excess of diuresis in natriuresis, and if there is an excessive water loss, there is a risk of hypernatremia and hyperkalemia. Mannitol is primarily used as prevention and treatment of the oliguric phase of renal failure. It also, reduces ICP (intracranial pressure) and IOP (intraocular pressure) and is often used as a treatment for cerebral edema. Mannitol encourages urinary voiding of toxic substances for example salicylates, bromides and lithium. It is also used as a diagnostic tool in measuring of GFR (glomerular fil...
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Introduction The College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO) is the governing body of all registered nurses in Ontario and is regulated. The CNO provides expectations and guidelines to follow, which need to be met by each Registered Practical Nurse (RPN) individually. As a nursing student, I am taught about the CNO and the importance of referring back to the guidelines while caring for patients. While gaining experience in the nursing field through my clinical settings, I have realized as a nursing student there are areas I need further development in. In this paper, I will address two of my learning needs and my goals for each.
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These wastes are derived from the liquid and food that the individual had consumed. In cases of compromised kidney function, the kidneys are no longer able to remove or filter wastes in the normal way. This means that wastes are left to accumulate in the bloodstream. When this scenario takes hold, it can negatively impact the patient 's electrolytes, therefore, positive action has to be taken to optimize the situation. When patients follow a renal diet it can help to slow down the advancement of total kidney failure, and ameliorate kidney function. Along with chloride and potassium, sodium represents one of the body 's main three electrolytes. The latter manipulate the fluids with enter and leave the body’s cells and tissues. Therefore, patients with renal disease must monitor their intake of electrolytes. Keeping a daily food dairy is essential (Nephcure), and will be of great benefit to the dietitian who can pinpoint certain details.
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