This essay analyses the article Changing Labour Markets and Early Career Outcomes: Labour Market Entry in Europe over the Past Decade written by Markus Gangl. In much of the Western Europe countries, youth unemployment rose in the 1980s and remained high in the 1990s. Many young workers waited long time before they found jobs and “remained living with their parents longer and longer” (Blancheflower, 2000: 4). The youth unemployment and market entrants transition problems from school to work have become phenomena. According to these social processes, Gangl’s research is conducted to develop framework for understanding these transitions from school to work in different European countries and to use this framework to analyse the factors affecting success and failure in education and training outcomes and labour market integration.
The main objective of this study is to explain differences amongst individuals with various level of education and differences amongst countries’ systems and find out and describe how these differences affect the young people’s transitions from full-time education into the labour market. Gangl identifies main trends such as long-term trend of educational expansion, the changing occupational structure and changing size of youth cohort and how these trends are affected by economic context conditions and might have a different impact among the leaver groups and thus affecting the nature of social stratification (seeing as unemployment risk and occupational allocation) in the short or medium term. As is typical for quantitative research, author’s theoretical discussion, based on classic market labour theory, deductively leads to the following hypothetical effects for each of the four trends; H1: Increasing une...
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...ex of the occupation of the head of the household in which respondent lived until his 18 (Duncan, 1961 in Porter, 1976:25). Nevertheless the study is highly professional it would be more coherent if the structural variables have been related to the socio-psychological variables as well.
Regarding to Blancheflower (2000:4), the youth proportion of the workeforce declined sizably therefore declining youth cohort size should lead to lower unemployment rates for youth and higher relative earnings for youth but the economic position of youths worsened rather than improved. If the change of youth cohort size has no effects on youth unemployment, it is more useful, if Gangl has considered other measurable variables with more significant effects such as technological changes or increased trade with less developed countries with huge number of young, less skilled workers.
Postwar era also saw a big change in the number high school students that went to college. College attendance nearly doubled and a college education became critical marker of entry into the middle clas...
It is currently increasing in incidence at an alarming rate. Unemployment among young people is increasing predominantly as a result of youth receiving inadequate preparation for the job market and a largely ignored discrimination against youth in the job market. In order to minimize levels of youth unemployment, the education system and current workforce practices need to be analyzed and modified. The education system should be modified so that its degrees and more in line with jobs that are actually available and offer more job experience opportunities. The workforce practices should be modified so that discrimination against youth is minimized as much as possible. This can be achieved through invoking a higher rate of jobs awarded through meritocracy and reducing the amount of informal hiring. It is only after the integration of many of these concepts that youth unemployment levels will decrease. This will be a step towards a world with less inequality and unemployment, a step towards a better
Rodney K. Smith’s mere opinion of his publication is that children with a higher level are more like to secure a job rather than those with no or little education. His view is upheld by the statistics of bureau that gives a clear statistics of the percentage of the salary earned by students with higher education and that of lower education. This makes his claim more reliable and credible because the bureau of labor and statistics is a reputable institution in the United States that deals with the percentage of people who work in United State. Smith’s own personal anecdote appeals to the feelings of the audience in which it ignites them with feelings of possibility.
Members of working class place a lower value on education, they place less emphasis on formal education as a means to personal achievement, and they see less value in continuing school beyond the minimum leaving age. They place a lower value on achieving higher occupational status, when evaluating jobs they place emphasis on stability, security and immediate economic benefits and tend to reject the risks and investments involved in aiming for high status occupations. Job horizons tend therefore to be limited to a good trade. Manual and non-manual jobs account for differences in outlook and attitude, middle-class occupations provide an opportunity for continuous advancement in income and status but this is not the case for manual workers. They reach full earning capacity relatively quickly and are provided fewer opportunities for promotion. This would therefore affect the attitude of parents and this attitude and outlook on life would be passed on to the next generation. Pupils from working class origins would be socialized in certain situations, e.g. fatalism, immediate gratification, present time orientation and collectivism.
In today’s society having just a high school diploma is not enough. Its value is rapidly diminishing, and employers are looking for college graduates to fill jobs that were traditionally held by those with a high school diploma. Justin Wolfers, a public policy and economics professor at the University of Michigan, stated, “High-skilled people can take the jobs of middle-skilled people, and middle-skilled people can take jobs of low-skilled people, and low-skilled people are out of luck” (Rampell para. 7). With the declinin...
In the past decades, globalization along with the rapid advancement of technology produced a strong demand for highly educated and skilled labour force worldwide. In response to the changes in labour market environment the number of young Canadians who choose to attend college or university is constantly rising. Between 2000 and 2013, the post-secondary participation rate among working age population in Canada jumped from 42.8% to 53.9%, according to Statistics Canada Survey ( Statistics Canada, CANSIM table 282-0004, 2013
The book Taking Sides- Educational Issues states that, “individuals who have attended college have greater work opportunities and tend to have skills that can be easily applied in different job settings”.
The stages of the family life-cycle schema of family development is based on the information drawn from Barnhill and Longo (1978), Becvar and Becvar (1999), Carter and McGoldrick (1980), and of Duvall (1962). It tells us of the stages in the family life cycle and the developmental issues related to each stage. It consists of the following nine stages: Stage 1) Unattached adult; Stage 2) Newly married adults; Stage 3) Childbearing adults; Stage 4) Pre-school age child; Stage 5) School-age child; Stage 6) Teenage child; Stage 7) Launching centre; Stage 8) Middle-aged adults; Stage 9) Retired adults. It is important to note that between each stage there is a transitional period where each family member is required to change. Each member in each life-cycle stage has certain developmental tasks to fulfill for a healthy family structure to
Job hopping has become a normal part of career life for professionals belonging to generation Y. Tulgan (2016), has predicted that organizations with more of young employees will face a “retention challenge”, where the young employee who is being invested by the employer for his or her development will achieve higher levels of ‘negotiating power’ in the labour market. This makes the young employee more valuable, and will be able to use his ‘negotiating power’ to serve another employer for
Ianelli, C. & Paterson, L. (2005) Does Education Promote Social Mobility Paper 5, Edinburgh: Centre for educational sociology, University of Edinburgh.
Employability has been defined as “the capability to gain initial employment, maintain employment and obtain new employment if required” (McQuaid and Lindsay, 2005; Hillage and Pollard, 1998). Although, the concept has been widely defined and generally accepted by researchers, there is still confusion as to how an individual tends to develop employment capacity in particular. Many researches have been conducted to identify the need to acquire and to find ways through which the capacity could be developed. The transition of the students from education to work has to be smooth to be more effective and benefit both the student as well as the general society.
Unemployment has always been something that Americans have worried about since the great depression in which one in every four people was unemployed. High unemployment has an impact on every one even those whom are still currently employed. For example if the unemployment rate is particular high then even those with jobs get worried. Unemployment is also separated in to distinct categories base on which group is the focus of the study. The categories can be by race, age or location, for example the unemployment rate of those between the age of sixty and sixty-five could be compared those between the ages of thirty and thirty-five. These categories allow economist to see which groups are the best and which groups are worst off. One group particularly bad off is the age group referred to as teenagers. This paper is going to focus on how teenage unemployment affects the economy and what possible solutions there are.
Over recent decades, the proportion of young people studying at university has increased significantly. As the nature of employment has changed, many feel that obtaining a degree is essential to securing a successful and satisfying career. However, university study provides far more than just a qualification. This essay will explore some of the wider advantages of higher education, namely with regard to the individual 's social and cultural development, networking opportunities and the development of independence.
Youth unemployment is a term used for people between the ages of 15-19, that do not attend school or tertiary level and don't have any form of paid job. There are reasons causing this growing problem. These being;
Youth unemployment is a global problem facing both developed and developing economies. The United Nations define youth unemployment as individuals between the age of 15 and 24 years not employed and actively seeking employment. Statistics only consider youths who have attained the required age of employment who are willing and able to work but without jobs. Unemployment rates raise concerns in all economies. However, the rate and trends vary from one country to another irrespective of the country’s development status. For instance, in Cuba, Sierra Leone and Germany, youth unemployment rates were below 10% as per the year (Petersen & Mortimer, 2011). Sierra Leone is a developing country while Germany is a developed country yet their youth unemployment rates are comparable. On the other hand, youth unemployment rates in South Africa, Armenia and Spain were above 50% as per the year 2010 (Petersen & Mortimer, 2011). In most countries, youth unemployment rate is more than double as compared to an unemployment rate in people above the age of 24 years. Canada is not an exemption as the youth unemployment rate is raising major concerns. In the recent years, issues of youth unemployment have dominated political debates and social forums. More and more youths are leaving institutions of higher learning to end up being jobless. A considerable proportion of the youths are doing jobs that are below their level of educations. Organizations are raising standards in jobs where jobs previously performed by high school leavers are being given to diploma and degree holders. Since 1966, general unemployment rate has averaged at 7.75%. As per April this year, the unemployment rate among the youths was 14.5%, w...