Morphine is the most important pharmacologically active ingredient of opium, the resin obtained from the dried juice of the opium poppy. More than 200 years ago morphine was established in clinical practice. It is the first model of opioid medicine, whose analgesic and satisfying influences are mediated by activating opioid receptors which are obtained basically within the central nervous system (CNS). World Health Organization’s (WHO) proposed that morphine continues to be the strong opioid of selection for treating moderate to severe cancer pain patient.
Pharmacology
Endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins are endogenous opioids. Morphine performs to imitate endorphins which are responsible for reducing pain, producing sleepiness and feelings of pleasure. Morphine is a sample of narcotic medicine and is the standard against that all other opioids are examined. It interacts principally with the μ-opioid receptor. These μ-combining places are discretely dispersed in the brain and some cortical areas. They are also located on the terminal axons of primary afferents within lamina I and II of the spinal cord and in the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve.[24]Morphine is a phenanthrene alkaloid opioid receptor agonist. ‘’It is a weak base with a PKa 7.9 at physiological PH, 76% of its molecules are ionized’’ and it is comparatively water soluble and poorly lipid soluble. The main effect of morphine is combing to and activating the μ-opioid receptors in the CNS. The basic pharmacological effect of morphine applies in clinical setting is on the (CNS) and gastrointestinal tract (GIT). It has two main actions in its therapeutic effect which are analgesia and sedation.
Morphine is also a κ and δ-opioid receptor agonist, κ-opioids actio...
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...ower onset of action than NR modulations. There are two times a day preparations with an initial of action of 1-2h and reaching peak drug intensity at 4h. The once a day MR preparation has slower initial of action and reach peak levels at 8.5h.
There are many beneficial effects of morphine is due to reduced perception of pain, decreased reaction to pain and increased pain tolerance. In contrast, the most widely recognized side effects are sedation, respiratory depression and constipation as well as nausea and vomiting, while there are others common such as tolerance, physical and psychological dependence. They can be reduced all these adverse effects of morphine by five possible methods which are decreasing the dose, alteration the route of administration and using some adjuvant drugs as well as opioid rotation and symptomatic management of the adverse effects.
In medical school/pharmacology school, medical professionals are taught to treat severe pain with opioids. However, opioids should be prescribed with the possibility of future dependency in mind. Physicians often struggle with whether they should prescribe opioids or seek alternative methodologies. This ethical impasse has led may medical professionals to prescribe opioids out of sympathy, without regard for the possibility of addiction (Clarke). As previously stated, a way to address this is use alternative methods so that physicians will become more acquainted to not not treating pain by means of opioid
1Fentanyl is a powerful synthetic opiate analgesic, which has a primary function in managing malignant and non-malignant contractible pain, similar to morphine however it is more potent. This is because fentanyl has an octanol-water partition of 9550 compared to morphine, which has 6. This effectively demonstrates that fentanyl is highly lipid soluble, crossing the blood brain barrier more rapidly. Hence it has a quicker reaction time but at a shorter duration compared to morphine. It is commonly used to treat patients with severe pain or patients experiencing pain after a surgery. Fentanyl can also be used to treat patients with chronic pain that are physically tolerant to opiates. Patients who are not physically tolerant to opiates should avoid the use of fentanyl as this can cause undesirable side effects, which can in some cases be toxic. Fentanyl is registered as a class II prescription drug, meaning that it has a greater potential for being abused, which could have negative implications on a patient’s health as it can result in psychological or physical dependence.1
Meera, A. (2011). Pain and Opioid Dependence: Is it a Matter of Concern. Indian Journal Of
Almost one hundred years ago, prescription drugs like morphine were available at almost any general store. Women carried bottles of very addictive potent opiate based pain killers in their purse. Many individuals like Edgar Allen Poe died from such addictions. Since that time through various federal, state and local laws, drugs like morphine are now prescription drugs; however, this has not stopped the addiction to opiate based pain killers. Today’s society combats an ever increasing number of very deadly addictive drugs from designer drugs to narcotics to the less potent but equally destructive alcohol and marijuana. With all of these new and old drugs going in and out of vogue with addicts, it appears that the increase of misuse and abuse is founded greater in the prescription opiate based painkillers.
Where did this drug come from and what makes it different from any other drug that is on the market? Heroin's origins go back long before Christ was a bleep on the radar. It goes back to 1200 B.C. Or the Bronze Age. At that time how ever heroin would be known as its chemically altered state of the poppy seeds. Even at that time however the ancient peoples of that time knew that if the poppy seeds juice were collected and dried. the extract that was left behind could make a effective painkiller. This would later be named opium. There were small incidents of it appearing in Europe, for instance it was used by the gladiators in the Roman Colosseum. But as a whole it would take more then a millennium for opium to travel from the Middle East to the Europe. This only occurred do to crusades. In just a few hundred after that is went from a rarely used painkiller to a liquid that was said to cure all aliments and would even lead to the most humiliating defeat China Empire. In the 1803 opium became dwarfed by its new brother morphine which is named in honor of the Greek god Morpheus who is the god of dreams. Morphine is an extract of opium and is ruffly 10 times the strength of its counter part. After Morphine creation it was put to used almost at once to assist battle field victims. This was a mistake however, because this refined does of opium is also 10 times more addicting then it was in its original form. Hundreds of thousands of soldiers would retur...
Opioids are used as pain relievers and although it does the job, there are adverse side effects. Opioids are frequently used in the medical field, allowing doctors to overprescribe their patients. The substance can be very addicting to the dosage being prescribed to the patient. Doctors are commonly prescribing opioids for patients who have mild, moderate, and severe pain. As the pain becomes more severe for the patient, the doctor is more likely to increase the dosage. The increasing dosages of the narcotics become highly addicting. Opioids should not be prescribed as pain killers, due to their highly addictive chemical composition, the detrimental effects on opioid dependent patients, the body, and on future adolescents. Frequently doctors have become carless which causes an upsurge of opioids being overprescribed.
According to CDC in the year 2015 opioids played a part in 33,091 deaths. Now you may ask what an opioid is. An Opioid is a compound that binds to opioid receptors in the body to reduce the amount of pain. There are four main categories of opioids, one being natural opioid analgesics including morphine and codeine, and semi synthetic opioid analgesics, including oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, and oxymorphone. The second category being methadone, a synthetic opioid, the third category being synthetic opioid analgesics other than methadone includes tramadol and fentanyl. The last category is an illicit opioid that is synthesized from morphine called heroin.
The image Opioids by Adam Zyglis found on PoliticalCartoons.com portrays a strong message about prescription opioid deaths. The image shows a grim reaper pouring faceless people out of a prescription bottle into his mouth, symbolizing death. The prescription bottle reads RxIP opioids addicts Dr. Approved. Conveying emphasis on its importance, the prescription bottle is the only object in color. The artist is implying prescription opioids are a prescription for death that’s doctor approved. CDC Director Frieden suggests because the epidemic is “doctor-driven”, doctors play an important role and ultimately doctors can reverse it (Ryan and Karlamanga). The image, Opioids, implies doctors are responsible for the opioid overdose epidemic. Prescription
Opiates are a class of drugs that are used for chronic pain. Opioids are substances that are used to relieve pain by binding opiate receptors throughout the body, and in the brain. These areas in the brain control pain and also emotions, producing a feeling of excitement or happiness. As the brain gets used to these feelings, and the body builds a tolerance to the opioids, there is a need for more opioids and then the possibility of addiction. There are different forms of opioids manufactured such as Morphine, Oxycodone, Buprenorphine, Hydrocodone, and Methadone.
Morphine is a highly addictive opiate psychoactive painkiller. It is often used before or after surgery to alleviate severe pain. Morphine acts by attaching to specific proteins called opioid receptors, which are found in the brain, spinal cord, and gastrointestinal tract. The drug was originally derived from the poppy seed plant before it was chemically enhanced and manufactured. Starting off, the drug was used to cure alcoholism and certain types of addictions.
If more people were aware of the dangers of heroin use, such as using while pregnant, while on prescribed medications, with dirty needles, or even possible death, more people would be likely to not partake in the use of the drug.
Effective treatment of cancer pain is essential for ensuring the best outcomes for cancer patients, in terms of physical, psychological and social aspects. Although there are no NICE guidelines for management of cancer pain, WHO guidance should be used to inform clinical practice. Careful assessment is a critical element of the process to ensure that patients are offered the treatment which is likely to offer the best outcomes, yet without providing a greater than necessary risk of complications such as tolerance and addiction to opioids. The main outcome that this paper highlights is that “Pain is what the patient says it is and exists when he says it does” (McCaffery 1983
Potent pain medication contains the aspects of utilizing medications such as morphine or demerol, how the medications are dispensed, and t...
Aranella, Cheryl, MD., M.P.H. Use of Opiates to Manage Pain in the Seriously and Terminally Ill Patient. American Hospice Foundation, 2006. Web. 7 November 2011.
The opioid circuitry is best described as the primary pleasure system in the body. Opioids, also known as endorphins, are chemicals produced in the brain that have rewarding effects on the body. Opioids control persistent pain and feelings of stress and frustration. This is similar to the effect of drugs, such as morphine and heroin (Kessler, 2009, p.37 ). Stimulating the opioids with food, causes great feelings. This effect drives us to eat more food. “Nucleus accumbens” is the area in the brain that is the center of reward in the bo...