Tropical cyclones (TCs) are of the most extreme and dangerous weather phenomena on Earth. In the United States, landfalling TCs account for an average of $10 billion damages annually (Pielke et al. 2008). Hurricane Katrina (2005) alone caused $81 billion of damages and took more than 1,800 lives away. In developing countries, TC landfalls can be extremely detrimental. For example, Cyclone Nargis (2008) took more than 130,000 lives in Myanmer (Burma) . Due to the catastrophic nature of TCs, substantial efforts have been devoted to short-term predictions of TC track and intensity in an effort to minimize the damages and casualties.
In recent years, the relationship between TC activity and climate change has attracted strong attentions in the atmospheric research community. There are a number of evidences suggesting that regional TC activity is going under a substantial shift, which may be a response to changing climate. As discussed later in the chapter, however, detection and association of shifts in TC activity resulting from climate change have been controversial due to uncertainties in the observed data and the difficulty in separating natural variability and anthropogenic forcing. Projections of the future TC activity are also not unanimous; the sources of uncertainties are still being identified and tested for their relative effects in relation to the unanimous projections of TC activity. However, the need for reliable projections for the near-term future TC activities is strong among the governmental organizations and industries located near the coastlines that are often affected by TC landfalls. Therefore, identifying the source of uncertainties in the future projections of TC activity and developing a mechanism to reduc...
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...ccount when evaluating the simulated TC climatology. Further it is preferred to provide explanations outside the TC detection methodology (such as the simulated large-scale conditions) to support the simulated TC climatology.
Therefore, the specific goals for this work are to;
1. Quantify the range of sensitivity to various TC tracking criteria (Chapter II);
2. Identify model biases independent of TC tracking sensitivity (Chapter III), as well as new sources of uncertainties and inherent limitations that are undocumented thus far (Chapters III and IV);
3. Increase robustness of the future TC activity projection against the TC tracking sensitivity (Chapter IV); and
4. Present an alternative approach to render the limitation of TC intensity projection using a statistical model (Chapter V).
A summary and further implications can be found in Chapter VI.
4. Upgraded Early Warning Radars (UEWR): These radars systems detect targets near the horizon, early in the ballistic missi...
Hurricanes are formed over tropical waters. These intense storms consist of winds over 74 miles per hour (Ahrens & Sampson, 2011). The storms addressed here are Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Sandy. This paper will explore the contrasts and comparisons between these two horrific storms.
- - -, dir. “Tactical Air Control Party Specialist (TACP).” U.S. Air Force. U.S. Air Force, n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. .
Leading up to the hurricane, many scientists expected the storm to dissipate over the ocean and cause little to no harm (Rappaport). The scientists were relying on faulty equipment that said that due to slow air speed and l...
Emanuel, K., Sundararajan, R., & Williams, J. (2008). HURRICANES AND GLOBAL WARMING. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 89(3), 347-367. doi:10.1175/BAMS-89-3-347 Retrieved from EBSCOhost
Turner, T. P. (2010, January 11). Non-radar IFR: once you're off the beaten path, ATC
Hurricanes have been an active weather phenomenon throughout history. Thanks to our modern equipment, they are easy to track, yet still difficult to predict. Their destructive force causes millions of dollars in damage each time they hit land. We use male and female names to name them. They begin as many storm clouds over warm water and begin to form a tropical storm when enough of them gather. The rotating earth sets the storms in motion. The Coriolis Effect, which is the apparent deviation of an object, greatly influences the path of a hurricane, and must be taken into effect when trying to predict its path.
Forecasting hurricanes has two components to it: where the hurricane is going (track) and how strong it is going to be (intensity). Hurricane forecasting has improved over time, “In 1992, hurricane forecasts were issued to only three days, but now they are issued to five—and soon they will be given for up to a week.” (Main). Predicting hurricanes is extremely difficult, but the development of faster computers and better satellite data has decreased the error percentage of forecasting hurricanes.
Hurricanes are very disastrous events that usually occur over oceans, developing to eventually move towards populated land. Hurricanes form only when ocean waters are 80 degrees Fahrenheit and above. Warm air, mixed with moisture from evaporation from the ocean surface rises, creating low pressure on the water surface, which is immediately replaced by cooler air. This develops into a thunderstorm. The thunderstorm slowly begins to move with mild western winds. In a day or two, stronger vertical currents build up over the ocean’s surface upward. More warm air rises and winds begin to move in a circular manner. This causes pressure to reduce at high altitudes. The entire storm is now in a circular motion around a mid-point. This tropical depression forms into a tropical storm within only a couple of days. The storm moves over warmer waters, clouds expand and wind speeds up to about 74 miles per hour. The tropical storm causes Gale force winds, thunderstorms and heavy rain at full force. As the storm continues westward, the energy from warmer water, in the form of very warm air rising and the gushing of cooler air replacing it throws the storm into a powerful spiral storm that can be seen from space! This storm eventually moves into populated land, causing devastation, death, and billions of dollars!
Of the many natural disasters that occur on Earth, one of the most powerful and destructive is none other than a hurricane. A hurricane is a type of storm called a tropical cyclone, which is a rotating low-pressure weather system that has an organized system of thunderstorms and clouds and forms over tropical or subtropical waters. Like most other disasters, hurricanes are considered to be very serious due to their destructive nature. They can cause catastrophic damage to anything in their path and deaths with their strong winds, heavy rainfall, large waves, and storm surges. One notable hurricane that definitely fits these characteristics is Hurricane Katrina.
Hurricane? Cyclone? Typhoon? They’re all basically the same but are officially under the category of cyclones. Both Hurricanes and typhoons are examples of cyclones and just vary depending on where they took place. A hurricane is a tropical cyclone, a storm that forms over tropical or subtropical ocean water while a typhoon forms in the pacific ocean. These are both low-pressure, rotating types of weather that bring thunderstorms. They are caused by a boundary separating two air masses of different densities. When a storm's highest sustained winds get up to 74 mph, it is then called a hurricane. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale is a 1 to 5 rating that is based on a cyclones top wind speed. The higher the wind speed means a higher category and the greater the hurricane's danger. Sadly, cyclones can be the cause of a lot of destruction to many coastal cities and can make millions of dollars of damage. Luckily, our advancing technology has helped our meteorologists see these types of big storms forming. Cyclones are detected by Pulse-Doppler radar, photogrammetry, and ground swirl
Hurricanes are powerful and destructive storms that involve great rain and wind. The United States of America has dealt with many hurricanes that have cost a great amount of damage. However, there is one hurricane that happened in 2005 that stands out among the others, Hurricane Katrina. Hurricane Katrina was one of the worst hurricanes to hit the United States, a category 5 on the Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale. An estimated 1836 people died because of the hurricane and the floodings that happened after (Zimmermann 1). Katrina initially beg...
While hurricanes pose the greatest threat to life and property, tropical storms and depression also can be devastating. The primary hazards from tropical cyclones (which include tropical depressions, tropical storms, and hurricanes) are storm surge flooding, inland flooding from heavy rains, destructive winds, tornadoes, and high surf and rip currents.
Cyclone Nargis was an eastward cyclone moving at low latitude, which is rare. It is classified as the worst natural disaster that has ever hit Myanmar. It caused a storm surge that was over forty kilometers, in the Irrawaddy delta. It led to over 138000 deaths and high destruction worth over $10 billion (Asian bloc to handle Burma aid | Toronto Star). India had speculated Cyclone Nargis about 48 hours earlier. However, the country’s military had uncoordinated rescue efforts leading to more deaths. Nargis attained a peak wind speed of over 105 mph, which gradually decreased as it approached the interior parts of Myanmar.
Solomon, S. (Ed.). (2007). Climate change 2007-the physical science basis: Working group I contribution to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC (Vol. 4, pg 501). Cambridge University Press.