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impacts of malaria
literature review of malaria prevention
BUMEDINST 6230.16, MALARIA PREVENTION AND CONTROL
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BACKGROUND
Since ancient times, malaria has been posing a grave threat to the mankind in terms of morbidity, mortality and economic adversity. This infectious disease is caused by protozoan parasites from Plasmodium family and transmitted by infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It afflicts people from all age groups across tropical and sub- tropical regions in the world[1]. Presently, malaria is endemic in 104 countries[2].Though, in the past decade the fight against this preventable disease has been intensified worldwide and as a result , during 2000-2012 the global malarial mortality and incidence rates have declined by about 42% and 25% respectively; this deadly disease has still inflicted an estimated 207 million cases and taken 627 000 lives around the world while leaving nearly 3.4 billion people at risk of contracting the infection in 2012[3].
India, being a malaria endemic zone, confronts this protozoan disease perennially[4]. India’s wide-spread geography, ecological diversity and climatic variability make it an ideal place for malaria parasites and their vectors to sustain[5]. The disease which was earlier confined only to rural areas has now taken different forms like urban, industrial, plains and forest malaria, thereby increasing national burden[5]. Currently, about 95% of the 1.21 billion population of India is at risk of malarial infection [6, 7]. An estimated 1.5 million cases and 1000 deaths are attributed to malaria annually in this region[6, 8]. In year 2012, India contributed about 52% of the total cases out of the 2 million confirmed malaria cases in South- East Asia [3]. However, in the last decade, India has made good progress in controlling the disease witnessing a declining trend in overall end...
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...ald & An. fluviatilis James (Diptera: Culicidae) in east-central India. Indian J Med Res 2011, 133:655–661.
15. Das L., Pani S.: Clinical manifestations of severe forms of P. falciparum malaria in Koraput district of Orissa state, India. J Vector Borne Dis 2006, 43:140–143.
16. Okoye CO, Nwachukwu MC: Human Induced Environmental Factors and Mosquito Breeding in Enugu Urban-Nigeria. Am J Eng Res 2014, 3:57–63.
17. Patil RR, Kumar RK: World bank EMCP malaria project in Orissa, India - A field reality. Trop Parasitol 2011, 1:26–9.
18. Das A, Ravindran TKS: Community knowledge on malaria among febrile patients in an endemic district of Orissa, India. J Vector Borne Dis 2011, 48:46–51.
19. Welcome to Odisha State Malaria Information System [http://nrhmorissa.gov.in/mis/about_us.html]
20. Malaria Situation in India [http://nvbdcp.gov.in/Doc/malaria-situation-March14.pdf]
The story of drug-resistant malaria in Cambodia is significant because people in other countries could be affected and must be aware of the fact that it is becoming immune to the most powerful drugs used to fight it. So many people have died from this deadly disease and so many are dying from it already, so many more are at risk and they must be aware.
Packard, Randall M. The Making of a Tropical Disease: A Short History of Malaria. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins UP, 2007. Print.
Plasmodium Falciparum is the causative parasite of malignant malaria, it is the most deadly strain of the malaria viruses. P. Falciparum is a eukaryotic protozoan parasite that is spread through vector transmission using mosquitoes. The Anopheles mosquito family accounts for the majority of transmission because of their tendency to target humans (WHO, 2014). Malaria accounts for approximately five hundred thousand deaths each year in environments such as sub-Saharan Africa and other temperate areas where the life cycle of the mosquito is longer allowing the parasite to develop properly (WHO, 2014). Malaria usually infects children in these areas but also commonly spreads to travellers to these areas.
Malaria is a common infectious disease found mainly in the tropics but in rare circumstances can be found in temperate areas. Depending on the circumstances malaria can be either life threatening cause serious illness.
For several years, I have had an interest in virology and the spread and characteristics of various infectious diseases. Though it makes sense not to possibly induce a state of panic by informing individuals of illnesses that are not native to the area they live in and that they are not likely to contract, I have always liked to remain informed out of my own curiosity and interest. Thus, I have decided to write about malaria.
Malaria is a common disease in a hot tropical area and it affects about 300 million people worldwide. There are four types of parasites that cause malaria in humans. Among the types of species Plasmodium falciparum is most common in Africa region and it can cause deadly form of disease. The Plasmodium vivax which is the second type of species is not life-threatening form of malaria. Plasmodium ovale also causes malaria. The system malaria affect most is the immune system. Malaria undergoes a complex life cycle, which involves two separate asexual reproductive stages in the vertebrate host which include humans and sexual reproduction as well as multiplication in the insect vector of all human.
Malaria is a disease that is caused by parasites. It is transferred from one person to another by the infected female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria has been a serious health problem nowadays. WHO has provided the information that approximately 660,000 people died from malaria globally during 2010. Also, after estimating, there are 219 million cases of malaria infection in 2010 worldwide. In sub-Saharan Africa, being one the country that has the high rate of HIV, AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis, had 90% of the people that...
Early diagnosis and treatment of malaria reduces disease and prevents deaths. It also contributes to reducing malaria transmission.
Malaria is known to be a world wide epidemic but 90% of the deaths are in Africa (What is Malaria, 2017). Half of the world is at risk to obtain malaria especially pregnant women and young children (What is Malaria, 2017). Even though Africa is mostly
To the majority of the population in the United States, malaria feels more like a myth than a threat. Vaccinations and medicine targeting the disease are reserved for the venturesome travelers who dare to enter malaria-endemic regions. Unfortunately, for 3.2 billion people across 106 countries and territories--malaria is a very real threat, and often times fatal. Typically, malaria is found in warmer regions around the equator. However, some areas are hit harder than most. Of the 214 million clinical cases of malaria and 438,000 deaths from the disease in 2015, 88% of the cases and 90% of the deaths were from Sub-Saharan Africa. Much of these deaths could have been easily preventable with modern medicine; but unfortunately, most of those who
Malaria is a communicable disease that is transmitted by the bite of a mosquito from one person to another. We had expected most malaria cases to be highly found in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia due to the amount of dirty water in those areas. As seen in Worldmapper, in 2003 92% people were infected with malaria and 94% people died due to malaria in Africa. The rest 6% cases were mostly found in Asia. From this we can say that our prediction was true that most malaria cases are in Africa and Asia.
Malaria (also called biduoterian fever, blackwater fever, falciparum malaria, plasmodium, Quartan malaria, and tertian malaria) is one of the most infectious and most common diseases in the world. This serious, sometimes-fatal disease is caused by a parasite that is carried by a certain species of mosquito called the Anopheles. It claims more lives every year than any other transmissible disease except tuberculosis. Every year, five hundred million adults and children (around nine percent of the world’s population) contract the disease and of these, one hundred million people die. Children are more susceptible to the disease than adults, and in Africa, where ninety percent of the world’s cases occur and where eighty percent of the cases are treated at home, one in twenty children die of the disease before they reach the age of five. Pregnant women are also more vulnerable to disease and in certain parts of Africa, they are four times as likely to contract the disease and only half as likely to survive it.
As these challenges remain, the malaria infection continues to spread throughout nations and is found all over the globe on both small and large scales. Everyone is at risk of infection, for there is no immunity. With approximately one million deaths per year, malaria is not only a global health crisis, but also hinders further economic and cultural development in the 40% of the world’s population living in affected areas.
Malaria is still a principal cause of illness and mortality, with an assessed 19,000 deaths in 2006 (WHO, 2009). In 2007, 38.5% of children below the age of five were positive for malaria parasites in a country widestudy (MISAU-PNCM, 2009).