Traumatic Brain Injury
A Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is not caused by a congenital or degenerative nature, it is caused by a physical external force to the head that produces an altered state of consciousness that results in the impairment of cognitive and physical functioning. Depending on the extent of the injury, the impairments may be temporary or permanent. The major cause of TBI result from blunt force trauma to the head during a motorcycle, motor vehicle, or biking accident. Some cases of traumatic brain injuries have also been seen from sport injuries, gunshot wounds, falls, and/or assaults. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reports approximately 5.25 million American’s (children and adults) are living with a permanent disability resulting from a brain injury (Zaloshnja, Miller, Langlois, & Selassie, 2008).
Studies show that young children and elderly people are prone to fall related brain injuries, making them very vulnerable. Another type of brain injury that is not congenital, hereditary, or degenerative is an Acquired brain injury (ABI). A change in the neuronal activity from a stroke, heart attack, brain tumor, anoxia, near suffocation, aneurysm, and drug overdose commonly causes ABI. The impairments from ABI can be mild, moderate, or severe. In addition, one or more of the following functional abilities can be affected: memory, speech, attention/concentration, cognition, reasoning, information processing, behavior, and physical functioning (Edmonston, n.d.).
Functional Disabilities
The consequences of brain injury will not affect any two people in the same manner, it depends on the person’s age, severity of the injury, and the length of time in coma. Physical changes that can possibly occur following a...
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Brain Injury Association of Florida. (n.d.). Traumatic Brain Injury: A Disability Often in Disguise. Retrieved from http://www.byyourside.org/
Edmonston, A. (n.d.). Resource Coordination for Individuals with Traumatic Brain
Injury a Handbook for Human Service Professionals. Retrieved from http://www.dhmh.maryland.gov/mha/Documents/Resource%20Coordination
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(2009). Acute clinical care and care coordination for traumatic brain injury within Department of Defense. J Rehabil Res Dev, 46(6), 655-666.
Zaloshnja, E., Miller, T., Langlois, J. A., & Selassie, A. W. (2008). Prevalence of long-term disability from traumatic brain injury in the civilian population of the
United States. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation, 23(6), 394-400.
Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) account to a third (30.5%) of all injury-related deaths in the U.S. with an estimated 1.7 million individuals sustaining TBI each year (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010). Classifications of brain injury (e.g., mild, moderate and severe) is mostly done using the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) which has gained broad acceptance for the assessment of the severity of brain damage (Bauer & Fritz, 2004). Recent studies suggest that almost all patients with moderate or severe TBI have a period of recovery during which they are responsive but confused. This state is commonly referred to as the post-traumatic amnesia. Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) is defined as “a failure of continuous memory” (Artiola et al., 1980; p.377). PTA is often cited as the best method for codifying the degree, level of recovery and outcome after a closed head injury (e.g., Artieola et al., 1980; Tate, Pfaff, & Jurjevic, 2000). PTA duration is a better indicator of outcome than early injury scales such as the GCS score (Richardson et al., 2009).This analysis will examine the limitations of the general PTA assessment scale, and investigate the benefits and limitations of both retrospective and prospective methods used to measure the duration of PTA.
Did you know, that someone suffers from a brain injury every 21 seconds (Haas)? Children get concussions all the time, and most of the time they go unnoticed. The majority of concussions happen when one is playing a sport such as football, hockey, or lacrosse. Many famous athletes have had their careers, even their lives cut short due to concussions. Brain damage and death can result from serial concussions (Schafer). When one suffers from a concussion, one’s brain needs time to recover physically and mentally. Between 2002 and 2006, statistics showed that 52,000 people died from concussions and about 275,000 were hospitalized (Fundukian). Everyone’s recovery process is different (“Injury and Pain Care”). Although concussions seem minor, they are very serious brain injuries that may result in severe damage to one’s brain.
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, previously referred to as dementia pugilistica, can be understood as a tauopathic, neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disease. While there is no neurobiological or neuropathological explanation as to why CTE occurs, the majority of researchers believe the disease is strongly related to previous head injuries. An individual suffering from CTE will most likely experience changes in their mood, behavior and cognition. Because this is a relatively new area of research, there are still a vast amount of unknowns pertaining to the disease’s symptoms, pathology, and natural course.
A serious brain injury could lead to bleeding in or around your brain, causing symptoms that may develop right away or later.
If I could have everyone's attention. Good-morning ladies and gentlemen. For those of you who don't know me my name is Jasmine Davenport. Today I’d like to discuss traumatic brain injury also referred to as TBI. I chose this topic because traumatic brain injury is a serious and complex injury with a broad spectrum of symptoms and disabilities. Traumatic brain injury effects people of all ages and is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. A traumatic brain injury can be caused by a blow or jolt to the head that disrupts normal functions of the brain Also, traumatic brain injury can cause physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and behavioral affects.
The definition of a traumatic brain injury is damage inflicted to the head/brain due to an external mechanical force, for example falls in elderly people or road traffic accidents in younger people. A standardized approach to assessing the severity of the brain injury is advocated by the means of Glasgow coma scale (GCS). It is the universal classification system and it consists of assessing three categories; Eye, motor and verbal scales. The sum score ranges from 3 to 15. A score of 8 indicates a severe brain injury (Maas et al, 2008). Head injuries are often minor and not life-threatening. Majority of people with minor head injury will not get a subdural hematoma. However, one in three people with severe head injury will. (Willacy, 2011)
Mez, Jesse. “Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: Where Are We and Where Are We Going?” Current neurology and neuroscience reports, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Dec. 2013,
The IDEA for TBI is that an acquired injury to the brain caused by an external physical force, resulting in total or partial functional disability or psychological impairment, or both, that adversely affects a child 's educational performance. (exceptional lives: special education in today
Traumatic brain injury is a serious injury that can happen to anyone at anytime. It could happen in sports, car crashes, fights and everywhere in everyday life. It is very serious and has long lasting effects. It is important to realize and recognize the symptoms of TBI, so the brain can heal and function properly. Concussions are a very common form of TBI, and are heard about mostly in sports, like football and soccer. To help reduce the impact of hits that could cause a concussion, there are companies that make special padding to wear around the head, or under the helmet, in sports. However concussions and other forms of TBI are not preventable at all and can be fatal.
Brain trauma also called Traumatic brain injury is an international cause of concern on the health desk. Traumatic brain injury is considered a global epidemic of the twenty first century in the mould of malaria and HIV/AIDS. As one of the leading causes of death and disability in children and adults in their most productive years, it causes major economic and social costs and imposes considerable demands on health service provision. Brain trauma can be classified as mild, moderate or severe depending on whether injury causes unconsciousness, how long the unconsciousness lasts and the severity of the injury. In this paper the writers will closely look at the causal factors of the brain trauma like falls, motor vehicles crashes and traffic related accidents, interpersonal violence, sport and recreational related injuries, anorexia and the effects like Alzheimer diseases, behavioural effects, cognitive effects, perceptual effects and physical effects.
Over 1.7 million traumatic brain injuries are reported each year. According to reports the leading cause of brain injuries are from falls followed by motor vehicle accidents, and accidents that were a result of being struck by something. Falls account for 32.5% of traumatic brain injuries in the United States. 50% of all child brain injuries are from falling. 61 % of all traumatic brain injuries among adults are 65 years old or older. Traumatic brain injuries are very violent blows or jolts to the head or body that result in the penetration of the skull. Mild traumatic brain injuries can cause brief dysfunction of the brain cells. Serious brain injuries can cause bleeding, bruising, physical damage to other parts of the body and torn tissues. Brain injuries are more prevalent with males rather than females. Causes of brain injuries include:
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex brain injury that is produced by a sudden damage to the brain, resulting in a wide range of symptoms and infirmities. There are multiple different causes of TBIs, but damage to the brain comes in two forms: primary brain damage and secondary brain damage. Primary brain injury occurs at the time of impact. Secondary brain injury is the type of damage that progresses over time after the initial insult, leading to seizures, brain swelling and the like. This subsequent deterioration of the brain and its cellular processes is not the result of mechanical damage; instead, it signifies the successive pathological developments initiated with the primary injury. Secondary insult may be a potential focus
Centers for Disease Control Injury Center May 30, 2007 Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/pub-res/tbi_in_us_04/tbi_ed.htm
Traumatic brain injury falls into two categories. Penetrating TBI, also known as open TBI, is when an object penetrates the head and enters the brain tissue. Examples of this might be a knife, bullet, hammer, baseball bat, etc. Nonpenetrating TBI, also known as closed head injury or blunt TBI is when the damage happens to the outside of the head. One of the number one causes of this type of TBI is from motor vehicle accidents, but other causes could be sports injuries where the person may have experienced excessive blows to their head, or just falling and hitting their head could cause a TBI as well. The severity of a TBI can range from a short loss
Traumatic brain injury or TBI occurs when a child has a head injury that causes damage to the brain. These injuries can be caused from being hit in the head or violently shaken. The results of TBI can change how a person’s brain develops, how they act, move, and think. It can also affect how they learn in school (NICHCY, 2012). TBI can affect the way a child thinks, retains information, attention span, behavior, speech, physical activities (which includes walking), and the way a child learns.