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Stages in Life-Span Development
stages of life
Developmental stages of life
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Special education students have a more difficult time transforming through the stages of the Life Span and Life Course Theories produced by Erik Erikson and Kohlberg, requiring extra help from teachers, parents, and volunteers who can provide the essential knowledge and positive examples. After knowing and understanding the theories produced by Kohlberg and Erikson researchers will have a better understanding of how humans develop and transform into new stages and what it takes for a person to move through stages in life. Through volunteering a researcher can learn first-hand how these theories apply in real life by spending time with special education students. Special needs students require help from teachers and guardians to aid in their transformations which make the developmental stages progress slower; but at the same time more noticeable. Transforming Life Stages Within Special Needs Students Introduction Cultural imperatives separate a group by who they believe meets the world’s criteria as being “normal.” Cultural imperatives set ethical values and moral standards that separate human race into different life stages which can relate to Kohlberg’s Moral Developmental Theory. When researching the Life stages and human development within a special education class room, cultural imperatives become cultural diversity. Developmental theories such as Erikson’s and Kohlberg’s take place in every human beings life transformation but researching this topic through special needs students allows researchers to better understand how these transformations take place in a child’s life where they are not completely able to understand like a “normal” child could. Literature Review Kohlberg and Erikson are founders of developmental... ... middle of paper ... ...he context of inclusive practices. Psychological science & education: 103-112. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete Database. Myers, D. (2010). Psychology ninth edition in modules: Adolescence. New York, NY. Worth custom publishing. Ruiji,N. (2012). Tyler & frances online. The presence of several students with special educational needs in inclusive education and the functioning of students with special educational needs. Retrieved from academic search complete database. Scott, J. (2011). Including children with intellectual disabilities/special educational needs into national child health surveys: a pilot study. Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities 24.5:437-449. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete Database. Sherr, M. (2008). Life span theory and life course theory. Social Work with volunteers 39-42. Retrieved from Chicago: Lyceum Books.
The most significant benefit attributed to inclusion practices seems to be social development. Being involved in the same learning activities as their non-disabled peers allows disabled children to develop better interpersonal skills (Forrest & Maclay, 1997). Often disabled children are lonely, and increased social connections give them more opportunities for forming relationships with their peers (D’Alonzo, Giordano & VanLeeuwen, 1997). Also, research shows that in an inclusive environment there is a greater “demand for appropriate social behavior” as well as increased “opportunities for observational learning and interactions” and “higher levels of play” (Hanline & Daley, 2002). Expectations are higher (Hines 2001) and self- esteem may increase, as students are no longer labeled “special” but are fu...
Peterson, J. Michael and Hittie, Marie Michael. Inclusive Teaching : Creating Effective Schools for All Learners. Pearson Publishing. (2003)
Sapon-Shevin, M. (2008). Learning in an inclusive community. In J. W. Noll (Ed.), Taking sides: Clashing views on educational issues (17th ed.) (pp.226-232). New York, NY:McGraw-Hill.
Inclusive schooling is known as classrooms where all students, regardless of abilities and disabilities, learn in the same contexts. In Canada, inclusive schooling is slowly becoming more popular in the school system. People are beginning to realize the benefits to it, and are accepting the change in a more positive way. However, some people still view inclusive classrooms as difficult environments because of the lack of initial teacher preparation. It is important for the needs of teacher preparation for inclusive schooling to be recognized and improved in order to increase the likelihood of schools participating in an inclusive classroom setting. By having an inclusive school, it allows for all students to be taught on an equal level, which will decrease boundaries between people with abilities and disabilities, and amount to a more positive school environment.
Broderick, P.C., & Blewitt, P., (2009). The Life Span: Human Development for Helping Professionals 3rd Edition.
Lynch, S., & Irvine , A. (2009). Inclusive education and best practice for children with
...ze protective factors while minimizing risks. Transitions that occur during this developmental stage can affect the life trajectory in significant ways. Social work practitioners using the Life Course Perspective can examine those transitions and provide environments through which nurturing of the child and enhancement of the protective factors to minimize risk factors as the child continues on the journey of their life. Using social work skills such as grant writing and advocating for the creation of an art and drama after school program could positively impact the child’s journey through life’s journey.
My personal philosophy on special education begins with this firm conviction, I believe all children are “uniquely and wonderfully” made, and regardless of their disability, posse unique gifts and talents. My philosophy of special education has developed, not from just being a general education teacher for many years, and a graduate student in special education, but also from being blessed to be a parent of a special needs child. I believe that every child deserves to have the best possible education, regardless of their disabilities or challenges. It is our responsibility, as special education teachers, to not focus on a student’s disabilities and challenges, but rather focus and develop their personal gifts and talents, in an environment
Inclusion is not a new idea, but has been rapidly gaining momentum within many disciplines internationally. Inclusive education is a term often associated with Special education, and children with additional needs. However, inclusive education is about ensuring that educational settings allow for meaningful participation by all learners. Each child has their own unique identity, ways of doing things, strengths and weaknesses. Ministry of Education [MoE] (1998) states that teachers “should recognise that as all students are individuals, their learning may call for different approaches, different resourcing, and different goals” (p. 39, emphasis added). This statement shows that all children may require differing approaches in education, and that learners with and without diagnoses require an educator that is skilled in the practice of inclusion. Key strategies such as early intervention, partnerships with parents/whānau, transitioning, and equitable teaching are practices that inclusive educational settings use to ensure that all children are provided for within the setting. Partnerships with parents/whānau and other professionals are key to ensuring that inclusion is achieved.
All children have many characteristics that make them unique, yet they have a lot in common. All children have specialized needs at some point in their life. “When children have diverse needs, whether temporary or permanent, there is a danger of considering only how different those needs make them; educators may lose sight of how much they resemble other children. When that happens, the educator may forget these children have the same basic ...
Doyle, M.B. (2002). The Paraprofessional?s Guide to the Inclusive Classroom. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
During the late 1980’s and 1990’s the number of children with learning disabilities receiving special education services grew rapidly, but during 1998 and 2007 the number of children classified as having a LD has declined by 7% (Cortiella, 2009). “In 2007, 59% of students with LD spent 80% or more of their in-school time in general education classrooms. In 2000, that figure was just 40%” (Cortiella, 2009). In addition, students with disabilities are spending more time with students in traditional classroom settings. According to the Department of Education, “approximately 6 million children (roughly 10 percent of all school-aged children) receive special education services” (Pardini, 2011).
National Information Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities (1993). “General Information About Learning Disabilities.” NICHCY.
Education is a vital part of growing up. Everyone goes through the education system to help carve a path towards their future self and what career they want to focus on as they get older. However, what most people become confused on is the difference between “general education” and “special education.” General education is the education provided to students who physically attend school. Now, special education is the education provided by the school plus extra programs and services to help aid and guide the students through the general education. Special Education is defined as, “the means through which children who have disabilities receive an education specifically designed to help them reach their learning potential” (Friend, 4). The emotions
In society today, there are many children and parents who face the diagnosis of having a developmental disability that would qualify them for special education and needs. This time can come with many questions for the parents when they realize the specialized care and education their child will need. Most often, questions arise about their schooling and how they will be included with other children, as well as what services are available to their child. How their disability impacts their life is a very valid concern because their education will be impacted. When a disability is discovered, it effects trickle down from the child to the parents, to the teachers and finally the medical and educational specialists.