Distinguishing between the many diverse archaeological periods is typically done in two ways. The first way to differentiate between two periods is to notice if there is a clear boundary or separation among the archaeological remains. The second way is by looking at the periods from a historical standpoint, and noting any major historical event that led to a significant social and/or political change. Though there are other ways to do this, these are the two most common and useful methods. Both of these techniques make it possible to recognize the differences in archaeological time periods.
In Palestine, the transition from the Late Bronze to the Iron I period is marked by a noticeable “widespread destruction of the Canaanite city-states around 1200 BCE and the emergence of a number of new sociopolitical entities known to history as the Philistines, Israelites, Ammonites, Moabites, and Edomites” (Younker 367). Regardless of what the actual progression of events was that happened in the transition from the Late Bronze to the Iron I period, the result was that Canaan was divided into three major sociopolitical components. These components included the Philistines along the southern coast, Canaanites in the central and northern areas and inland valleys, and Israelites and other highlanders in the hill country.
There are many factors that played into the formation of cities and cultures in ancient Israel in Jordan. Perhaps one of the most important factors is trade. Trade influences cultures and helps define eras, and it impacts the architecture, pottery, etc. of a city. The role of trade in the Iron Age economy was important in that it offered up new opportunities for the people of the Iron Age. Trade allowed for transferal of idea...
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...chaeology Of Society In The Holy Land. London: Leicester Univ Pr, 1995. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials. Web. 13 Mar. 2012.
Mazar, Amihai. Archaeology of the Land of the Bible. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992. Print.
Morkot, Robert. "War And The Economy: The International 'Arms Trade' In The Late Bronze Age And After." Egyptian stories. 169-195. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2007. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials. Web. 13 Mar. 2012.
Sommer, Michael. "Shaping Mediterranean Economy and Trade: Phonecian Cultural Identities in the Iron Age." Material Culture and Social Identities in the Ancient World. Ed. Shelley Hales and Tamar Hodos.: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 114-137. Print.
Younker, Randall W. "The Iron Age in the Southern Levant." Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader. Ed. Suzanne Richard. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2003. 367-382. Print.
Fulcher of Chartres, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 1095-1127, trans. Francis Rita Ryan, ed. Harold S. Fink, (Knoxville, 1969)
Anson Rainey and R. Steven Notley are the authors of The Sacred Land Bridge, which is an Atlas of the biblical world and includes maps, pictures, and historical cementation as to the significance of this region. The biblical world that this atlas focuses on is defined as the eastern Mediterranean littoral, or more commonly called the Levant in modern archeological discussions. In my critique of this book I will be focusing on pages 30-34 which will define the boundaries and explain the importance of the Levant.
As archaeological work on Predynastic Egypt continues, in future years we can expect considerable new evidence that will further reshape our understandings of the rise of Egyptian civilization. The field is increasingly benefiting from the use of modern techniques such as remote sensing, physical dating, and analytical techniques. As the amount of evidence builds, the rise of complex civilization in the Egyptian Nile Valley during the crucial two millennia from 5000–3000 b.c. will become ever clearer.
1996. “Sacrifices and Offerings in Ancient Israel” in Community, Identity, and Ideology: Social Science approach to the Hebrew Bible., ed. Charles E. Carter.
Howe, Helen, and Robert T. Howe. A World History: Ancient and Medieval Worlds. Volume 1. White Plains, NY: Longman, 1992. 533.
Pritchard, J.B. The Ancient Near East: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1958.
vol. 31, New Haven, Conn., Department of Antiquities of the Government of Iraq and the American Schools of Oriental Research, p. 133 (# 56). 1965,
After reading these brief accounts of an enormous span of time we can begin to understand how and why the stories of the Old Testament are complied into the Bible. There is far more detailed accounts of all of the stories, people, places and issues I have mentioned yet this paper ties together all of them into a comprehensive paper which displays the interaction of all aspect of life from the time of the old testament. My goal for this paper was not to simply give a factorial timeline of events but go through the history of Israel and make connections within the span of King David up to the Maccabean Revolt.
W. Raymond Johnson, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, (1996), pp. 65-82, Date viewed 19th may, http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3822115.pdf?&acceptTC=true&jpdConfirm=true
Lewis, Bernard. The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years. New York: Scribner,
Oswalt, in his book The Bible Among the Myths, provides the reader with a brief, yet comprehensive view of the differences and similarities between the Old Testament and Ancient Near East religions. In the introduction, he provides a brief overview of scholarly thought regarding the Old Testament literature and Ancient Near East literature and how perspectives have changed in nearly 50 years. Oswalt states at the time he was introduced to the subject, scholars believed the Old Testament and its theology stood alone from other Ancient Near East religions. He now contends that present day scholars believe the Old Testament is just one of many Ancient Near East
The development of an empire is a change strongly emphasized in the Archeology as a radical departure from the Hellenic tradition, and consequently a major source of conflict among the Greeks. Prior to the adven...
The Oriental Institute featured an exhibit focused on the development of ancient Middle East Pioneers to the Past: American Archaeologists in the Middle East 1919–20 January 12 - August 29, 2010. And this was the exhibit I found most intriguing and most i...
Jerusalem is the beholder of a violent, yet religious, past. It is the holy center for three of the world’s major religions: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. It was the center for many battles and the motivation for the Crusades. The Crusades were the cause for much blood shed and marked the beginning of a long war between Islam and Christianity. However, most of the focus in history of this holy center begins with the Crusades and continues there after, so this is where the essay will be focused: the times and history of Jerusalem before the Crusades.
Damrosch, David, and David Pike. The Longman Anthology of World Literature. The Ancient World. Volume A. Second Edition. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2009. Pgs. .656-691. Print.