them, known as antioxidants. The superoxide is converted to hydrogen peroxide, which can be broken down by enzymes collectively known as superoxide dismutases into water (Raha, S. et al). Other ROS scavengers such as carotenoids and flavonoids can also inactivate ROSs. Oxidative stress is therefore the result of an imbalance of enzymatic and nonenzymatic detoxification of ROSs (Lagouge, M. et al). This imbalance is normally very low due to the effectiveness of dismutases. However, certain conditions
Relatively few pathogens can cause sepsis. For causing sepsis bacteria should have certain features that provide their survival, proliferation and dissemination in human body. The characteristics of the pathogens, that most frequently cause sepsis, may or may not be common for all of them (see tab. 2). Sepsis causing bacteria are both gram positive and gram negative. Gram-positive organisms are better suited to invade host tissues and elicit, in general, a brisker phagocytic response than gram-negative
This inherited ALS is referred to as familial ALS (FALS), and twenty percent of these cases are connected to mutations in the SOD1 gene. The SOD1 gene encodes a copper,zinc superoxide dismutase (DiDonato et al., 2003). This dismutase is an extremely stable homodimer that acts as an antioxidant enzyme. It converts harmful superoxide radicals to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Over 100 different SOD1
oxidative stress can cause oxidative damages to N.A, lipids and proteins. The most important ROS are superoxide anion (O2−), singlet oxygen (O2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and highly reactive hydroxyl radical (OH-). Whereas, antioxidant defense system is responsible to give protection against ROS. These antioxidants can scavenge and destroy ROS. The major antioxidant enzymes are catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) PON ….. and glutathione system (Sies, 1985; Valko et al., 2007; Halliwell and Gutteridge
Introduction and History: Throughout the medical history there has been many diseases and viruses around the world, which lead to numerous amount of deaths. Some of the diseases are easily treatable however, for some of the diseases there is still no cure or treatment. One of the diseases that does not have a cure is known as Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disease (ALS) or Lou Gehrig’s disease. It is the most common type of motor neurons disease. Henry Louis was a famous baseball player who was diagnosed
energy, reproduction. Manganese is helps activate key enzymes in protein and energy metabolism the formation of collagen, cholesterol fatty acid synthesis DNA and RNA production. Manganese is a component of the antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Antioxidants such as MnSOD can neutralize free radicals and may reduce or even help prevent some of the damage they cause. Closely associated with copper and zinc, manganese also participates directly in the photosynthetic creation
difficult to pinpoint the exact cause of it. One form of the disease has been found to be caused by a mutation of the SOD1 enzyme. SOD1 is, “an enzyme that destroys superoxide. Superoxide is a highly reactive form of oxygen. For ALS, 20% of the total population of patients have mutations in the gene for copper/zinc superoxide dismutase type SOD1. SOD1 normally breaks down free radicals, but mutant SOD1 is unable to perform this function” (ALS Association). Research suggests that the SOD1 protein can
In this experiment, a series of biochemical test and API 20 E test are carried out to identify the unknown bacterial species provided. MacConkey agar, a selective and differential medium which is designed to isolate and differentiate the gram negative enteric bacteria. Bile salts and crystal violet inhibit the growth of gram positive organisms. Lactose provides a source of fermentable carbohydrate, allowing for differentiation of lactose fermenting bacteria from lactose non-fermenting gram negative
Lou Gehrig's disease is often referred to as Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), this is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. Motor neurons come from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the entire body. The progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in ALS would eventually leads to their death. When the motor neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement is
Structure-based drug design: NMR-based approach for ligand-protein interactions. Drug Discovery Today: Technologies. 3 (3), pp. 241-245. Zhou YL., Liao JM., Du F. and Liang Yi. (2005). Thermodynamics of the interaction of xanthine oxidase with superoxide dismutase studied by isothermal titration calorimetry and fluorescence spectroscopy. Thermochimica Acta. 426 (1-2), pp. 173-178.
systems. According to the experimental results, scientists found significantly (p0.05) reduced T-lymphocyte proliferation, a process responds to stressed immune system, increased albumin levels, an indicator of rising inflammation, and raised superoxide dismutase levels, an enzyme responds to increased oxidative stress in rescued manatees that have been exposed to sub-lethal levels of brevetoxins compare to healthy manatees (Walsh et al., 2015).In another study,
Introduction: Hyperlipidemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), Very LDLC (VLDL-C) and triglycerides (TGs) with a subsequent decrease in the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the systemic circulation.(1)Consumption of high fat or fructose diet, lifestyle modification,age, genetics, smoking, hypertension, type 2 diabetes and otherprecipitating factorsplay a significant role in causingaberrant
The Applications of Enzymes in Medicine Enzymes are biological catalysts which speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy (the minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to take place). Enzymes are proteins which have a tertiary structure and they are very specific- only the correct substrate can combine with the active site of the correct enzyme, thereby producing an enzyme substrate complex. “They are also highly specific, which means fewer unwanted side-effects
compound with antiandrogenic activity with proposed testicular oxidant. The body, testes, epididymis and vas deferens weights were recorded. Sperm count, nitric oxide (NO), calcium ion (Ca2+) and malondialdhyde (MDA) contents in addition to superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were determined in testicular tissues. CA exhibited direct negative effect on reproductive organs weight and significant reducing effect on sperm count and Ca2+ contents. SOD and GST activities
Indonesia was once called “Spice Island” by Portuguese explorer in the 15th century (Schelander, Hsu, & Brown, 2000). Indonesia was known to have been using spices and herbs through many centuries for their life sustainability. Spices and herbs are one of the oldest Indonesian heritage that still commonly used in modern days for health benefit, medicine, and food additive. However, “kunyit” or commonly called turmeric, has been considered as one of the greatest healing herbs among other herbs (Ravindran
Although the bystander effect through GJPs may be a problem in metastasis of cancer and also the spread of cellular damage in ischemic conditions, the process may provide ways for therapies in suicide gene therapy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. These treatments utilize the nature of the bystander effect to deliver either lethal genes, anticancer agents or ionizing radiation to local carcinogenic cells and the cells neighboring them. With the growing understanding of the bystander effect, lower dosages
Nutrition plays a significant role in the development of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from the loss of bone mass which can be the result of hormonal changes or a deficiency of calcium or vitamin D. Calcium is important for healthy bones and because our body does not produce calcium. We must get it from foods that we eat. The needed amount of calcium for adults over 50 years old is 1,200 mg while an age 19-50 is 1,000 mg and for children
anti oxidants is to minimize free radicals damage because uncontrolled free radicals reactions can cause damage to cells structures and functions and Vitamin E posses the ability. Vitamin E protect the body from free radicals such as enzyme superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. It plays a critical role in the membranes, protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes through its free radicals quenching activity in biomembranes at an early stage of free radical attack
The protozoan commonly known as the “water bear” is an extremophile that has engaged many in the scientific community. The Tardigrade is an invertebrate that has eight legs and comes in many shapes and sizes. This group has many adaptations such as cryptobiosis that allows it to survive in extreme environments. The Tardigrade can be found from land, to water, to sulfur springs, and to over 25 species found in the frozen tundra of Antarctica (Miller et al, 2001). To understand these creatures this
Free radicals play an important role in several biological processes such as cell signaling and redox regulation. However, prolonged exposure to free radicals leads to oxidative damage. Subsequently, it has been implicated in the progression of several diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurological disease, pulmonary disease, rheumatoid arthritis, nephropathy, ocular disease and pre-eclampsia. The antioxidant defense system within the body may confer protection to oxidative damage by