Chapter 1 Research purpose and meaning 1.1 Concept Shale gas is a kind of unconventional nature gas, which is trapped or gathered in the dark shale or carbon rock. The rock layer has low permeability and low porosity, which means that the best way to get this recourse is fracturing to enhance connectivity and porosity. The shale gas reservoirs are mainly located in North America, Central Asia, China, Latin America, Middle East, North Africa and Russia and other countries and regions. The United State
natural gas from underground reservoirs has increased. Natural gas supplies 24% of the United States energy demand and is only expected to grow. Shale gas is natural gas that is found trapped in shale. Shale is sedimentary rocks that consist of clay minerals that have low permeability. Natural gas that is found in shale is buried in fractures below ground and must be extracted by hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking [10]. One of the most recognized sites for the extraction of natural gas by fracking
It is a known fact Pennsylvania is greatly impacted by the Marcellus Shale. The Marcellus Shale is a layer of black shale located under the Appalachian basin from Prehistoric times. Natural gas and oil are being extracted from this layer for their increasing economic value, with natural gas having a worth of $10 for every thousand cubic feet of it. Furthermore, improved technology such as “hydraulic fracturing” and “horizontal wells” has made Marcellus drilling more efficient and has increased the
features in Glacier National Park is the color banding. This feature can be seen in nearly every mountain within the park as they are composed of different layers of rocks and colors. The rock strata are mainly composed of sedimentary rocks limestones, shales, sandstones, and lightly metamorphosed rocks (Dyson,1957). These rocks all belong to a single large unit known as the Belt series. The rocks are very unusual in that they were deposited in late in the Precambrian between 1600 and 800 million years
Andrew Turner University of Maryland University College ? Different Attitudes Towards Fracking in New York State and Pennsylvania The United States has become one of the leading producers of natural gas in the world, and now is an exporter of natural gas as well. As natural gas imports increase, the U.S. Energy Information Administration, ?Expects the United States to
and Directional Drilling have allowed the production of oil and gas from “unconventional” resources, like shale gas and shale oil. Natural gas demand is increasing, in addition, is increasingly becoming an important role in meeting demand for energy in the United States. Thus Hydraulic Fracturing stimulated shale among the fastest emergent energy sources in the United States, a source that seemed impossible to few years ago. Natural gas, the cleanest burning fossil fuel, now provides approximately
fractures in rock that allow the oil and natural gas it contains to escape and flow out of a well (Energy From Shale).” Fracking has served to extract natural gas and oil where other methods would not be as successful but many environmentalists argue that fracking is affecting the environment and our drinking supply of water. Although fracking is still a controversial topic, it provides Americans jobs, increases the economy of the region, and the natural gas and oil are cleaner and more affordable source
I. Introduction-The Grand Canyon The river has cut through the earth, which allows us to see the passing of eons before our eyes. The Grand Canyon is an impressive one mile deep canyon with red, grey, white, brown, and black rock formations, cliffs, and slopes. The Grand Canyon runs along the Colorado River from Marble Canyon, near the Utah-Arizona border, to Grand Wash Cliffs in Mojave County, Arizona. It is considered to be one of the seven wonders in the natural world. The Grand Canyon became
Additionally, the principle of original horizontality establishes that when rock layers are flat, they have not been disturbed and therefore are in their original horizontal sequence. Using the Grand Canyon as an example, scientists recognize that layers still have their original horizontality because they have not been folded and thus they have not experienced significant crustal disturbances. Furthermore, relative dating uses the principle of cross-cutting relationships which states that features
Gasland (2010) was created by Josh Fox in reaction to gas companies seeking to buy his land. Disturbed by intrusion to his normal way of life, he searched for answers and documented them in a film. The documentary explains the hydraulic fracturing process and lists health interviews with residents living near fracking sites. Half a decade later, fracking has depleted shale areas and fluctuated past the original 34 states during the making of the film. The article “The Fracking Industry’s Dishonest
to go to get there or what you have to do to be sent there, but no one truly wants to go. Fracking might be putting people closer to Hell than the government thinks. What is fracking? “…hydraulic fracturing… as a means of extracting natural gas and oil from shale formations located deep underground (Davis and Fisk 1). Fracking has caused many ethical issues due to the many problems it has caused for the people who live around the fracking sites. “…, it has become increasingly controversial because
the oil and gas energy. Ever since petroleum was established as a source of energy, the oil and industry has always persevered to improve and optimize conventional recovery techniques in an effort to boost production and profits. Nevertheless, the increased over- dependency on hydrocarbons has exhausted reserved from the most commercially viable wells/plays, which is to say that wells requiring standard exploration and production techniques are now on a decline. However, oil and gas deposits are
Gasland is a documentary about a man who is offered money to sell his land for natural gas drilling companies and finds out that people are having problems where natural gas drilling companies are in place. In his journey, he finds out that people are having problems with their water supply, sometimes even far as to be enough to burn. After taking samples from the water, he finds out that it contains toxic chemicals. A proof came out when several fishes, birds and rabbits were found dead around the
Kerogen is an important factor in the generation of oil and gas and which types of unconventional resources it can form. It makes up four different types that are each prone to mature into a certain form of petroleum product. Type I is dominantly oil prone, Type II can generate both oil and gas, and Type II is mainly a gas generating kerogen. Type IV is considered “dead oil” and does not generate any producible hydrocarbon. The three main producible types can be seen in many different unconventional
B.ED. SCIENCE WITH SPECIALISATION IN BIOLOGY Table of Contents The Burgess Shale Fauna 3 Introduction 3 History of Discovery 3 Preservation Bias 4 Major Fossils 4 Concluding remarks: 7 References: 8 The Burgess Shale Fauna Introduction The Burgess Shale Fauna is a fauna that was constructed based on a group of fossils that were initially found, in the Burgess Shale area in the Canadian Rockies (Gould, 1989). They are a very important group of fossils as “modern multicellular
With its abundance of genera, the Burgess Shale is one of the world’s most important fossil fields. It’s discovery in 1909 led to over 100 years of paleontological study in the Canadian Rockies, a majority of which has been carried out in two quarries known as the Walcott and Raymond quarries (Hagadorn, 2002). Though he was originally in search of trilobites in the Burgess Shale Formation, paleontologist Charles Walcott also discovered a diverse group of soft- and hard-bodied fossils, from algae
impact of such work in enhancing optimal development and hydrocarbon recovery. I discussed my interests with Dr. John Doe, who has also obliged to serve as my supervisor should I be admitted into the doctorate program. The role of shale oil, shale gas, tight oil and tight gas reservoirs, generally classified as unconventional reservoirs, in meeting with the ever-increasing energy demand has come under serious considerations in recent times. While significant successes have been achieved in getting some
The notion of sustainability sometimes seems vague when applies to real world decision making process. But one universal agreement with regard to how sustainability functions in the political and economic arena unfolds as decisions made today would have huge impact on both nowadays and the future. According to Goulder and Stavins, economists, in order to help decision makers implement policy evaluations, would commonly discount future impacts. Basically, discounting serves as a mechanism to convert
when you type in “evolution”. In stark contrast to this idea of evolution, Stephen J Gould presents a less restricted idea of evolution. He left some of the decision up to chance and showed this theory by discussing it within the Cambrian Burgess Shale. More specifically, there are two main themes represented in this book by Stephen J Gould: showing evolution as a ladder or cone, and if it were possible to “replay the tape of evolution” the results would be considerably different and specifically
actually distinguish, ‘What IS the Burgess Shale?’ Well, it is said to be a “shrouded legend” deep in the Canadian Rockies discovered in the early 1900s by Charles D. Walcott, notorious Smithsonian Secretary (Adler 2013). According to Haug, Caron, and Haug in their research article ‘Demecology in the Cambrian: Synchronized Molting in Arthropods from the Burgess Shale’ the Burgess is “arguably the best-known Konservat-Lagerstätte”. While the Burgess Shale is primarily known for the intricate preservation