RAAS (Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System) plays a role in the homeostatic process such as blood pressure and fluid volume control1. Renin is secreted in the blood from cells that are lining the glomeruli of the kidneys. The renin-secreting cells are sensitive to changes in blood flow and blood pressure. Angiotensinogen, a glycosylated protein that is primarily synthesized and secreted by the liver as well as other tissues is the sole precursor for angiotensin peptide. Renin catalyzes the conversion
can contribute to hypertension, such as the cardiovascular system, reninangiotensin-aldosterone system and sympathetic nervous system (Foex & Sear, 2004). This research paper aims to study the dysfunction of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in pathophysiology of hypertension and the effects of an antihypertensive drug, losartan on the angiotensin II type 1 receptors in response to the disease. Pathophysiology of hypertension Renin is a type of protein enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular
as high blood pressure. If hypertension is left untreated, it can cause severe health problems such as stroke and heart failure. In order to treat hypertension, the drug Losartan is used. Losartan is an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist (AIIRA). In other words, it can also be known as angiotensin receptor blocker. (Allen 2012) There are generally two categories of hypertension, primary hypertension and secondary hypertension. The causes of primary hypertension are usually unknown and it develops
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), also known as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is well-known for its role in regulating blood pressure, fluid volume, and capillary perfusion. It is one of the most important systems studied by those interested in the cardiovascular system and those involved in the pathogenesis of heart and renal diseases. The renin-angiotensin system exists in two frameworks: a circulating system and multiple local, tissue-specific systems. Local RAS have been found
Cardiovascular disease is currently the nation’s leading non-communicable cause of morbidity and mortality. According to the American Heart Association, the most common form of cardiovascular disease is coronary artery disease, a condition in which the heart’s blood supply is reduced due to a narrowing of the coronary arteries. These arteries play a significant role in regulating the flow of oxygenated blood to the heart. As blood circulates through the arteries, it exerts a force against the vessel
development of vascular cognitive impairment and vascular dementia [1, 2]. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1; ACE) plays an important role in the rennin-angiotensin system and it is a carboxyl-terminal dipeptidyl exopeptidase that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II [3-6]. ACE converts an inactive form of decapeptide, angiotensin I, to a potent vasoconstrictor, octapeptide, angiotensin II, in addition; since the ACE is a multifunctional enzyme it also catalyzes
is through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone regulatory pathway. The kidneys, which are a major location for water retention regulation (and through changes in blood volume regulate blood pressure), notice decreases in blood pressure and release renin, an enzyme that alters the conformation of proteins, which converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. Next, angiotensin I is altered into the conformation of angiotensin II by the action of angiotensin converting enzyme. Angiotensin II then causes
and hardening of the walls of the arteries, occurring in old age. Four control systems have a job in maintaining blood pressure. These are the arterial baroreceptor and chemoreceptors’ system, regulation of body fluid volume, the renin- angiotensin system, and vascular autoregulation. Primary hypertension mostly occurs from a defect or malfunction in some or all of these
electrolytes in the body that are controlled by a variety of hormones and most are in the kidney and adrenal glands Martini (2014). Acid-base balance is maintained 3 ways: chemical buffers (phosphate, carbonic-bicarb, and protein), respiratory system, renal system (Martini, 2014). Why does maintain fluid balance in older people require a higher water intake than in a normal healthy adult under age 40? As a person ages the total water content tends to constantly decrease.
RAAS System The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) consists of a complex endocrine regulatory pathway and several less studied local autocrine/paracrine systems. RAAS is an important part of many pathologic conditions including hypertension, heart failure, and renal disease. The classical endocrine RAAS is activated predominantly by decrease in renal blood flow. This system works primarily through the heart, blood vessels, and Kidneys to regulate blood pressure; and controls water and electrolyte
INTRODUCTION →Bartter’s Syndrome, or hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis, is a disorder involving a set of three other closely related disorders. These rare congenital Bartter-like syndromes share many pathophysiological simularities, but differ in the age of onset and the location of genetic problems in the nephron (Guay-Woodford). →Most of those affected are diagnosed at a very young age, usually within the first 30 weeks of gestation but as late adelescence, and there does not appear to be
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/826304-clinical Queensland Government. (2013, July 8). Trauma Emergencies. Retrieved from https://ambulance.qld.gov.au/docs/09_cpg_trauma.pdf renin-angiotensin system. (2014). In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/498140/renin-angiotensin-system Retrieved from http://esa.act.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/Morphine-Sulphate-Jan-2014.pdf Retrieved from http://esa.act.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/Time-Critical-Patients.pdf State
Hypertension is a medical condition wherein the blood pressure stays higher than 140 over 90 mmHg.* When blood pressure remains elevated for an unknown cause, it is called primary (also known as essential or idiopathic) hypertension. On the other hand, high blood pressure as a result of another complication such as tumor, endocrine or kidney diseases it is called secondary hypertension.* Risk factors which are likely to contribute to high blood pressure include age (more prone to people age 60 years
which could be attributed to hypovitaminosis D. The mechanisms behind these diseases are not entirely understood, however many suggest that Vitamin D regulates bodily functions through its effects on parathyroid hormone production and the renin-angiotensin system. Vitamin D deficiency is thought to cause increased inflammatory, parathyroid effects and endothelial function failure while also increasing vascular rigidity. A close link between vitamin D and cardiovascular diseases has been established
pressure control dysfunction after cardiac ischemia/reperfusion via renin-angiotensin system in adult female rats perinatally depleted of taurine followed by high sugar intake since weaning. My results demonstrate that taurine supplementation prevents or improves the adverse effects of cardiac cardiac ischemia/reperfusion on cardiac function and arterial pressure control via inhibition of both systemic and cardiac renin-angiotensin system
The human body regulates blood pressure using the cardiovascular system and central nervous system in order to maintain homeostasis through the following steps. The three components involved in the cardiovascular system include; cardiac output (CO), peripheral resistance and blood volume. Cardiac output refers to the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. Peripheral resistance is the resistance of the arteries to blood flow. As the arteries constrict, the resistance increases verses arteries
Health Benefits of Exercise Physical exercise has long been regarded as a positive thing for the human body - but what actually constitutes exercise? Exercise can be dissected into two major categories, aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise. Aerobic exercise is usually a lower intensity, longer endurance form of energy usage that raises the respiratory and pulse rate of the individual. The major physiological classification of this type of exercise is that it accesses the aerobic energy generation
Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical pathological syndrome characterised by symptom of shortness of breath , fatigue and the sign of rales on chest ascultation and peripheral pitting oedema also termed as sign of congestion. It is caused by the structural and functional diffect of the heart(1) . It is initally characterised by the dysfunction of the levt ventricle which lead to impairing the filling functin of the ventricles or unable to produce enough contractility of the left ventricle
. Functions of the urinary system consist of the excretory system in excreting substances, filtering blood plasma to eliminate metabolic wastes and return useful substances to the plasma. It also regulates blood volume by controlling the amount of water in your blood, osmolarity makes sure to maintain fluids in our blood in such that our cells are in isotonic state and pressure. The kidneys secrete two hormones, renin controls the blood pressure and erythropoietin (EPO) causes the bone marrow to
The human body consists of a number of systems having their own importance and contribution towards keeping human beings alive. As blood flows through the body, waste products are deposited into the bloodstream that needs to be removed. The system that does this is the ‘Urinary system’ also known as the ‘Renal system’. It is made up of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra that produce, store and then excrete urine out of the body. For the purpose of this assignment the structure