use in society. It will continue by providing the necessary mathematical background of the modulation process. Furthermore, it will enumerate some of the advantages of FM over other forms of modulation, namely AM. Finally, the paper will discuss the design of a basic FM receiver as well as introduce some circuits and circuit components which the reader may not be familiar with. Introduction Frequency modulation (FM) was invented in 1936 by an American electrical engineer/ inventor named Edwin H. Armstrong
transmitted in two ways: amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM). Amplitude radio is created by combining a sound wave from a microphone, tape, record, or CD with a "carrier" radio wave. This results in a wave that transmits voice or programming as its amplitude (intensity) increases and decreases. Frequency modulation conveys information, voice, and music on a radio wave is to slightly change, or modulate, the frequency. One big advantage of frequency modulation is that it is static
Analog and Digital Technologies To understand the technologies of analog and digital conversions we must first understand what analog and digital transmissions are. Analog transmissions are a continuous variable in amplitude and frequency. The frequency band that they operate over defines analog circuits. People generally produce a bandwidth of 9,900Hz with frequencies in the range of 100Hz to 10,000Hz. Speech that falls between 250Hz and 3,400Hz is considered intelligible speech and therefore the
The Combining of Cable TV and the Internet The Telecommunications Act of 1996 opened the way for cable TV (CATV) companies to become full-fledged telecommunications companies, offering two-way voice and data communications services, in addition to television programming. After passage of the Act, the cable companies were eager to expand into the new fields of business that had been opened to them, especially the rapidly growing Internet Service Provider (ISP) business. The biggest hurdle facing
a. What does the network layer do? What is interior routing and what is exterior routing? In the Open Systems interconnection Model (OSI Model), the network layer lies in the third level and for network communication it provides paths for data routing. It is considered as the backbone of the OSI model because for the purpose for the data transfer between nodes, network layer performs selection and management of the best logical path. Switches, firewalls, bridges and routers are some hardware devices
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