Recently, plasma sodium has been claimed to play a primary role in the control of blood pressure due to the discovered increase of it (23-69 mg) in individuals with hypertension (He et al, 2004). From this finding, an idea was triggered that vascular endothelium could participate in a sodium-mediated blood vessel function through the response of endothelial cells to aldosterone. To support the claim that endothelial stiffness is influenced by changes in plasma concentration, an atomic force microscopy that
significant individuals in our discovery of nitric oxide, Dr. Robert Furchgott pioneered our understanding of this molecule through his experiments on the vasorelaxant properties of acetylcholine and the subsequent proposal of the presence of the endothelium derived relaxing factor, which was later identified to be nitric oxide [7]. Given the observation that cardiovascular disorders are the number one cause of death in many nations around the world, research into the vasorelaxant properties seems particularly
focus on the origin, properties and effects of statins on endothelial function ( non lipid action of statins) through the increase of endogenous production of NO in different pathways. Key words: Coronary artery Disease (CAD), Statins, Endothelium, Caveolin. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of multifactorial chronic heart disease. It is a consequence of plaque buildup in coronary arteries. The arterial blood vessels, which begin out smooth and elastic become narrow
Review the mechanisms by which endothelial cells contribute to inflammation in key diseases The endothelium is a cell layer that is lined on the interior surface of lymphatic vessels and blood vessels, which are made up of endothelial cells (Dorland, 2012). The endothelial cells in direct contact with blood cells are called vascular endothelial cells while those in contact with lymph are called lymphatic endothelial cells. Besides regulating hemostasis, endothelial cells also possess important functions
Nitric Oxide (NO) is an inhaled gas that works via relaxation of the smooth muscles to dilate the blood vessels most commonly in the lungs (drugs.com, 2015). It is a blend of NO and Nitrogen and is used as a treatment for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn (PPHN) (Kumc.edu, 2015). This essays purpose is to inform about how it works, the uses for treatment, the type of patients most likely to benefit from NO, how it’s delivered, dosage
CAPILLLARY BED WITHIN THE SKIN A capillary bed is a concentration of capillaries which supply blood to a specific organ or area of the body. A network of 10-100 capillaries connecting arterioles and venules. Capillary bed is a term use to refer to a network of capillaries which are small blood vessels in the hypo-dermis which is the subcutaneous layer. Supplies the capillary network with blood by the arterioles and drains the blood by the venules. Capillaries are tiny bloody vessel which enables
vascular endothelium and megakaryocytes. The secreted Von Willebrand Factor protein comprises a repeated 2,050 amino acid subunit that is processed into large polymers of the protein. Each of these subunits contains binding sites for collagen, FV11, and platelets. Normal regulation of the various binding sites on the Von Willebrand Factor subunit are essential for the physiological function of Von Willebrand Factor…Von Willebrand Factor is either secreted into the plasma or sub endothelium, or store
Artery Disease of approximately 7.6 million. However, in the latter 15 years mortality rates in relation to CVD’s have significantly reduced according to age in develo... ... middle of paper ... ... no end to the phagocytosis of lipids by the endothelium, which a result, becomes very swollen. This causes many cavities in the lining uncovering collagen fibres, initiating the adhesiveness of platelets. The outcome of platelet adhesion is the due to the development of a contained blood clot, increasing
the blood vessels that transport oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body, (“What is Atherosclerosis”). The inner layer of the artery is the tunica interna, which is composed of endothelium. The development of plaque starts when certain risk factor cause damage to that inner layer of endothelium. Those risk factor can include smoking, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure, (“What Causes Atherosclerosis”). The plaque will start to build up and harden, eventually narrowing the artery
Traumatic Brain Injury: What happens to the blood-brain barrier? Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide for which there is no cure. Many patients who survive from TBI may experience permanent cognitive loss, behavioral issues, and emotional disturbances, which require daily medical or social attentions.[1, 2] It is believed that over 2% US population is experiencing TBI-associated disabilities which create an annual burden evaluated at $60 billion
The tunica interna, which is the inner layer of endothelium consists of areolar tissue. The middle layer, which is called the tunica media, contains smooth muscle tissue and areolar tissue. The outer layer called tunica externa consists of areolar tissue. The main purpose of this article was to take patients
Amy Widener is a real estate agent, mother of two, and a sepsis survivor. In 2013 Amy was in the best shape of her life. She had just finished a Disney half marathon and was reaping the benefits of her intense training, little did she know that that training was going to save her life. One night she woke up with extreme abdominal pain and was rushed to the emergency room where she learned that she had a kink in her intestines. They performed emergency surgery and released her after a little bit of
detected by the nerve endings within the affected tissue. Our nervous system may perceived the detected pressure as pain or pressure or be asymptomatic. To minimize bleeding, the damaged capillary endothelium will releases endothelin, a hormone that causes narrowing of the blood vessels. As the endothelium is destroyed, the underlying von Willebrand factor which is a blood glycoprotein is exposed and initiates coagulation, which creates a temporary clot to plug the wound and eventually leads to restoration
With heart-related problems on the rise with each passing year, more people than ever before are looking for preventative supplements and solutions for these issues. Heart disease is one of the most prevalent, yet preventable, health problems despite the continuation of countless prescription medications. This has led people to seek out alternatives and natural supplements that can protect, repair and restore their heart health. Arginine, also known as L-arginine, is one such remedy that has enjoyed
Atherosclerosis is a pathological condition that underlies several important adverse vascular events such as stroke, cerebrovascular disease, Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). etc. [1]. It is responsible for most of the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Western World currently [2]. As a result of the adoption of the western life style, its prevalence is increasing all over the world and could likely reach epidemic status in the coming future [2]. Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease of the
cause of CHD, strokes and other diseases of the blood vessels is usually atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is caused by the build up of cholesterol and other fatty substances in walls of arteries. Firstly the deposits form small streaks on the endothelium of the artery, but gradually build up to form patches known as atheromatous plaques. The deposit is called an atheroma and causes the arterial walls to thicken, hence narrowing the lumen of the artery. The onset of an atheromatous plaque may
The structural levels of organisation are as follows: Cellular The lymphatic vessels are lined by the simple squamous epithelium that form the endothelium and are called lymphatic endothelial cells. The endothelium forms an interface between the lymph and the vessel wall. The endothelial cells of the lymphatic system loosely overlap, unlike the vascular endothelial cells of the blood vessels. They loosely overlap so when the fluid pressure increases in the surrounding regions they can separate to
Atherosclerosis, the underlying causes of coronary heart disease can affect any artery in the body. Coronary heart disease is essentially the build up of plaque which sticks to the walls of the coronary arteries. The arteries in atherosclerosis is narrowed due to the excessive build up of cholesterol-rich lipids known as plaque around the artery wall (Insull, 2009). Once the plaques around the walls of the arteries become narrow, the flow of blood will be constricted, reducing the amount of blood
TYPES OF BLOOD CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Single circulatory system: This is a system where blood passes through the heart once when it makes a complete circuit round the body. (E.g fish) Double circulatory system: This involves a system where the blood passes through the heart twice when it makes a complete circuit round the body as in the case of humans. COMPONENTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM BLOOD BLOOD VESSELS HEART BLOOD: Blood is an important fluid in humans and other animals. It provides nourishment
It’s caused by high blood pressure, smoking, or high cholesterol. That damage leads to the formation of plaque. When bad cholesterol, or LDL, crosses the damaged endothelium, the cholesterol enters the wall of the artery. That causes your white blood cells to stream in to digest the LDL. Over years, cholesterol and cells become plaque in the wall of the artery (WebMed). This proves me that the plaques create a hard