Distinct characteristics are not only an end result of the DNA sequence but also of the cell’s internal system of expression orchestrated by different proteins and RNAs present at a given time. DNA encodes for many possible characteristics, but different types of RNA aided by specialized proteins sometimes with external signals express the needed genes. Control of gene expression is of vital importance for an eukaryote’s survival such as the ability of switching genes on/off in accordance with the
duplicates of themselves. What is the mechanism behind all this? The answer lies in a molecule called DNA. In 1869, Friedrich Miescher extracted a substance, which he called nuclein from the nuclei of white blood cells. Nuclein later became known as nucleic acid. Living cells contain two kinds of nucleic acids-ribonucleic acid (RNA) which contains the sugar, ribose and deoxyribonucleic (DNA) which contains the sugar, deoxyribose. Nucleic acids are found in all living things, from the simplest
synthesised from a DNA template. Transcription occurs inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and is catalysed by the enzyme RNA polymerase. The enzyme catalyses the initiation and elongation of RNA chains and requires a DNA template, all four ribonucleoside triphosphates (ATP, GTP, CTP and UTP) and a divalent metal ion such as Mg2+ or Mn2+ (Burrell, H, 2014). Transcription is split into three stages; initiation, elongation and termination. During initiation of transcription RNA polymerase binds to the
deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA, into protein a previous transformation must occur first, and that transformation process is transcription. RNA is similar to DNA; however, DNA has the nitrogenous base thymine while RNA has uracil as a nitrogenous base. RNA and DNA are known to be complementary, being that the two bases pair with each other. Transcription is the synthesis of ribonucleic acid, RNA, using genetic information found within the DNA. Transcription creates the RNA molecule from the DNA genetic information
how it is based on heritable information in the form of DNA and its transmission from one generation to another. Life's continuity is based on the unremitting passage of inherited information that takes the form of DNA. This essay extensively examines the fundamental processes that allow for the transmission of DNA and thus life. It initially identifies how information essential for life is stored in DNA and then explains the processes of DNA replication, Mitosis and Meiosis. It goes on to discuss
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is the quick and easy method of making unlimited copies of any fragment of DNA. Since it’s first introduction ten years ago, PCR has very quickly become an essential tool for “improving human health and human life (TPCR)”. Medical research and clinical medicine are profiting from PCR mainly in two areas: detection of infectious disease organisms, and detection of variations and mutations in genes, especially human genes. Because PCR can amplify unimaginably tiny amounts
nucleus, and is where RNA copies of DNA are produced. This process is facilitated by RNA polymerase, where one RNA nucleotide is added to an RNA strand. RNA polymerase is an enzyme used to produce transcripted RNA. It is responsible for constructing RNA chains, in the process previously described as transcription. RNA polymerase polymerizes the ribonucleotides and the 3’ end of RNA transcription. It is essential to life and found in all organisms. Also, it unwinds the DNA molecule, using it as a template
done from using ancient DNA to analyzing Stable Isotopes. Analysis of Ancient DNA hold an important key to solving the mystery of history. Using ancient DNA connections of kinship and sex can be determined. To understand how ancient DNA can lead to kinship one must first understand DNA. DNA is the essence of life. It determines everything about who we are from what our hair color will be to how tall we’ll be. DNA every cell in the human body contains a copy of DNA. DNA is made up of four nucleotide
1a. Which Figure 1A or 1B, is of bacterial DNA? Which figure is of eukaryotic DNA? Figure A shows bacterial DNA and figure B shows eukaryotic DNA. In figure A, the DNA is represented as a single, circular chromosome of double stranded DNA, which is characteristic of almost all bacteria. Figure B shows a picture of DNA wrapped in nucleosomes which are fundamental packing units for eukaryotic DNA. Nucleosomes are specific to eukaryotes. DNA is wrapped around histone proteins to form the nucleosome
uninduced cells to verify the mechanisms that read and express the topA gene within pTrc99A. Lowry assay, polymerase chain reaction, absorption assays, and gel electrophoresis are implemented to view the fragments found in recombinant cells that encode topA gene and produce active topoisomerase I. Introduction Topoisomerase I is an enzyme that uses its unique structure to relax supercoiled DNA in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Typically, topoisomerase I removes negative coils by units of one, and
hot spring, Vulcan Hot Springs, through genetic sequencing and analysis. The polymerase gene in other Thermus bacterias has proven useful in genetic reactions. The Vulcan bacteria grows at a higher temperature than other thermophilic bacterias, giving it the potential to have a more effective polymerase gene than what is currently available. My own research has been focused on designing effective primers for the polymerase gene in the bacteria. I have designed primers based on the similarities between
The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA and is transferred from one generation to another. According to ‘The Free Dictionary by Farlex’ the definition of heredity is: “1. (Biology) the transmission from one generation to another of genetic factors that determine individual characteristics: responsible for the resemblances between parents and offspring.” The continuity of life is based on this fact and will be discussed in this essay. This is tied very close to
The Process of Replication in a DNA Molecule Replication is the process of when a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules. DNA replication is one of the most basic processes that occurs within a cell. Each time a cell divides, the two resulting daughter cells must contain exactly the same DNA as the parent cell. To accomplish this, each strand of existing DNA acts as a template for replication. How is DNA replicated? DNA replication occurs in three major steps:
Key points: • Transcription factors are proteins that help turn specific genes "on" or "off" by binding to nearby DNA. • Transcription factors that are activators boost a gene's transcription. Repressors decrease transcription. • Groups of transcription factor binding sites called enhancers and silencers can turn a gene on/off in specific parts of the body. • Transcription factors allow cells to perform logic operations and combine different sources of information to "decide" whether to express a
babies have their DNA fingerprint stored on a central database? DNA fingerprinting is a process that has been subject to widespread debate ever since it has come into practise. Fingerprinting involves identifying and creating an image of a person’s genetic information. As each individual carries their own DNA fingerprint—meaning that no two will ever be the same—it is often used for identification purposes and can produce a very reliable, if not indisputable result. This makes the DNA fingerprinting
proteins (Freeman). DNA and RNA are involved in the genetic up keep of the hereditary information. The hereditary information is then expressed by involving two kinds of products, which include transcription and translation of the genetic coding of DNA or RNA. DNA and RNA are the genetic information that organisms with hold. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains four nucleotides, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen bases carrying genetic information of the cell. The strands of DNA, one end having
Remember Augie the kid from wonder, the kid who was different from others as we remember he had a facial disease that gave him low self-confidence. There are many face disorders/Diseases, but there is a special one called Treacher Collins syndrome. This syndrome has many affects like hearing loss, vision problems, as well as an abnormal face. It is a genetic issue that affects but apart from this these kids have to face and even more deadly problem, dealing with emotions. Some kids who have this
Study unit 9: 9.10) 9.11) Fate of pyruvate in alcoholic fermentation Fate of pyruvate in lactic acid fermentation 1. Pyruvate is converted into ethanol. Pyruvate is converted into lactate. 2. The conversion of pyruvate to acetaldehyde is done by the release of CO₂ and enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase. The conversion of pyruvate to lactate is done without the release of CO₂ and by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. 3. Pyruvate is converted in two steps; firstly pyruvate releases CO₂ which is converted
module=Book&func=displayarticle&art_id=59) 2. A 62 year old patient was diagnosed with shingles. This is termed a latent infection. - What category of viruses causes latent infections? DNA viruses cause latent infections. Retroviruses, such as HIV, also have the ability to become latent after reverse transcriptase enzyme creates DNA. - There are some bacteria that also cause latent infections. With an example explain the difference between latent viruses and latent bacterial infections. In latent viruses
expression patterns and thus by their mRNA pools. Currently, the most important technique for the accurate quantitation of gene expression is the fluorescent quantitative real-time RT-PCR (Muller et al., 2002a). Reverse transcription (RT) followed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the technique of choice to analyze mRNA expression derived from various sources. Real-time RT-PCR is highly sensitive and allows quantification of rare transcripts and small changes in gene expression. It is easy to perform