While the study of curvature is an ancient one, the geometry of curved surfaces is a topic that has been slowly developed over centuries. The Ancient Greeks certainly considered the curvature of a circle and a line distinct, noting that lines do not bend, while circles do. Aristotle expanded on this concept explaining that there were three kinds of loci: straight, circular, and mixed (Coolidge)Then in the third century B.C. Apollonius of Perga found that at each point of a conic section there is
In order to comprehend spinal curvature, we must first analyze the anatomy of the spine. The spinal column’s main purpose is to provide support for the body, and protect the spinal cord. The spine is composed of 33 bones which are arranged one on top of the other in order to give it its natural curved figure. The spine consists of 24 vertebrae that are moveable and 9 fused vertebrae. The spinal column also consists of five major regions- cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccyx region. The
What is a hydrofoil? A hydrofoil is a watercraft that is supported on ski-like pontoons while in motion, with the bulk of the hull remaining entirely above the water (Encarta Encyclopedia 2002). Hydrofoils were first seen about in 1869. Emmanuel Denis Farcot was issued a patent on a boat that he had developed to go faster through the water because of less resistance. If you look at his design, he was using many little foils along the side of his boat to lift it out of the water in order to reduce
Differences in Geometry Geometry is the branch of mathematics that deals with the properties of space. Geometry is classified between two separate branches, Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry. Being based off different postulates, theorems, and proofs, Euclidean Geometry deals mostly with two-dimensional figures, while Demonstrative, Analytic, Descriptive, Conic, Spherical, Hyperbolic, are Non-Euclidean, dealing with figures containing more than two-dimensions. The main difference between
The first three chapters of A Brief History of Time cover a variety of topics. In chapter one, Stephen Hawking tries to provide a single theory to describe the entire universe. Chapter two describes some of the ideas that scientists, mathematicians, philosophers, and physicians of the past had about gravity and theories of motion. The third chapter in the book talks about the work of many scientists of the past concerning whether the universe is expanding or not. In each chapter, Stephen Hawking
Scoliosis Scoliosis is a lateral curvature in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. According to WebMD, when viewed from the side, the spine should show a mild roundness in the upper back and shows a degree of swayback (inward curvature) in the lower back. It is very noticeable when looking to see if a person has scoliosis. A person with scoliosis will have uneven shoulders, uneven waist, a more distinctive shoulder blade, or a hump towards the top of the spine. There are four different
human spine is a medical marvel of sorts, which is not only responsible for helping us to move or lift things, but to bare our body weight, and preserve a normal body alignment. It’s impossible to exist without a spine. Scoliosis is defined as the curvature of the spine and although it isn’t specifically considered a disease, it is very serious complication resulting from a multitude of different symptoms with no definite known cause. Fortunately, with the passing of time, and development of new technologies
1828) and is the basis for Gauss’s “Theorema Egregium”, which states that the Gaussian curvature of a surface is invariant under local isometry. It relates the n-curvature in terms of the intrinsic (n-1)-geometry of the hypersurface. The second equation is named for Delfino Codazzi, although it was derived earlier by Peterson in 1853 (Peterson, 1853), and relates the n-curvature in terms of the extrinsic curvature (often referred to as the second fundamental form) of the hypersurface. Foliation of
of the lens can cause refractive errors. Causes of Refractive Errors: The eye's ability to refract or focus light sharply on the retina primarily is based on three eye anatomy features: 1) the overall length of the eye, 2) the curvature of the cornea and 3) the curvature of the lens inside the eye. Eye length, If the eye is too long, light is focused before it reaches the retina. Or if the eye is too short, light is
Internal Assessment ~ What Makes a Baseball Curve? Baseball is a beautiful sport which was invented in 1839 by Abner Doubleday, who was later a Union general in the Civil War. My interest in baseball started as a young child, when I first learned how to throw a ball. I didn’t know it, but many factors are a part of the process of throwing a baseball, including spin, for which there are many different types. For example, we can measure the speed the ball is spinning at (Revolutions Per Minute - RPMs)
it is not unusual for it to appear combined with other refractive errors mentioned above. Condition of astigmatism can have two versions: Version 1. Cornea has the shape which involves higher level of curvature in one
retina. (1) Cornea The cornea of the eye is transparent, curved that acts as the cap of the eye which protects the eye from dirt, microorganisms and other harmful substances.(2) It is also important for about 75% of the eyesight. Its clarity and the curvature will affects the eye by how greatly it can focus on an object and produce an image. However, 10% of the incident light will be blocked in normal human cornea. (1) By contrast, the cornea of an eagle is practically as clear as crystal. This together
that causes a sideways curvature of the spine or backbone. It has been present in the world for thousands of years, among people of every race, gender, culture, and country. A majority of the time these curves are S- or C-shaped. “Scoliosis is most common in late childhood and the early teens, when children grow fast” (Medline Plus). Girls are statistically more likely to have it than boys when dealing with severe and progressive scoliosis. However, mild scoliosis curvature is equally common. It has
need for the term action-at-a-distance. Magnetic fields are frequently compared to gravitational fields. Gravitational fields cause a curvature of space-time. That curvature of space-time provides a mechanism for the gravitational attraction between masses. A magnet also causes a curvature of space-time. In fact a magnet can cause space-time curvature in several distinct ways.
in the experimental calculation. Lorentz Force: eVB=m(v2/r) =eV(Bh-Be), this accounts for the centripetal force by making it equal the magnetic force acting on the mercury (electron) beam. Same variables as equation (1) except for r is the radius curvature of the mercury beam, Bh is the Helmholtz coil magnetic field and Be is the Earth’s magnetic field. This equation along with the kinetic energy equation leads to the derivation of... ... middle of paper ... ...hamber to view photons released by
Introduction: Scientists and engineers have been able to enhance our lifestyles by understanding and using the Laws, Concepts and Principles of Optics and how they are applied in Optical Instruments. The key concepts are: a. Lights as a form of electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic radiation is a term used to describe a pair of electric and magnetic fields that promulgate together at the speed of light. This means that light holds electric and magnetic components. The accelerated movement of
Jennifer Arnold Scoliosis ICD-9:737.43 Everest-MIBC 05/16/2014 “Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine (Drymkowski, 2014).” The curves are often s-shaped or c-shaped. Anyone is able to get scoliosis. “The most common type is idiopathic scoliosis in children age 10 to 12 and in their early teens (who has scoliosis, 2009).” Girls are most likely to obtain this type of scoliosis compared to boys. (Who has scoliosis, 2009). Scoliosis was thought to be discovered in the time of Socrates
the mountains, canyons and other elevated surfaces our earth provides. However, if one evened out the elevation, there would be left with flatness. The flat earth theory made it that the surface doesn't deviate from flatness at all, but that its curvature is 0 to the mile. To be sure that this flat-earth theory was indeed invalid, Greek Philosopher Aristotle obtained significant reasons that the theory was void. He first analyzed the direction of certain stars. Some stars disappear beyond the Southern
Dark energy what is it? Dark energy is a unknown energy said to take up 70 percent of the universe. The energy is a repulsive gravitational effect that is causing the universe to accelerate out-ward. No one knows exactly what dark energy is or where it comes from. Dark Energy is a new idea. Little is known about dark energy, yet it takes up a huge amount if the universe. Scientist were able to show the universe was expanding at an accelerated rate by measuring the red-shift of an object by comparing
Hill’s 3D Pavement Art (n.d.) of the intricate wall expresses the relationship between environmental manipulation and human observation. When walking by this art piece, either many will glance, unconcious of its idealism or will stop and analyze the disturbing truth that the wall is only an illusion. Upon reacting to this image, it is essential to understand that the truth does not transform one’s reality until one’s mind recognizes the complete truth. Similarly, idiopathic scoliosis represents the