at preparing and characterizing nanoparticulate systems to encapsulate the antimicrobial drug mupirocin. Specifically polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes were investigated. Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa; often resulting from a Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a bacterial infection in the sinus cavity (Suh JD. & Kennedy DW., 2011). S. aureus can be treated with antimicrobial mupiriocin (MUP). Nasal irrigation is employed for the current delivery of
eventually becomes immune to antibiotics. The World Health Organization has said that in 10 years, antibiotics will no longer effectively treat bacterial diseases (Su, 2014). Selection of resistant microorganisms is exacerbated by inappropriate use of antimicrobials. Animal husbandry is the agricultural science of breeding and farming of farm animals. It is a source of resistance because sub-therapeutic doses of antibiotics are used in animal-rearing for promoting growth or preventing diseases. Injecting
2. Comment on class result with respect to differences in filter types, differences in filter assemblies, and overall on the confidence you would have in using this type of sterilisation process in preparation of pharmaceutical products. List the factors that may cause contamination during filtration. (20 marks) Factors that may contribute to contamination: • Not disinfecting work area • Fibres from filter, clothing etc. • Potential chemical release from filter, syringe etc. • Assembly of Swinnex
\In-fact, mutations and genetic changes result in defence mechanisms against antimicrobials, where the majority of these changes are a direct result of selection pressure on bacteria to develop resistance.[25, 26] In addition, bacteria may obtain these genes through the process of conjugation where bacteria trade plasmids which contain resistant genes. Plasmids are an extra chromosome element of DNA which are found in the cytoplasm of a bacterium, as illustrated in Figure 2.[25] The process of conjugation
Antimicrobial agents are essential in healthcare today, because they are used to treat diseases and infections that has a negative impact on the human body. Without antimicrobial agents, there would be a tremendous increase in the prevalence of death related to diseases and infections. “An antimicrobial is an agent that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms. The microbial agent may be a chemical compounds and physical agents. These agents interfere with the growth and reproduction of causative
are used in food animal production. The overuse of antimicrobials in food animal production is an under-appreciated problem. In both human and veterinary medicine, the risk of developing resistance rises each time bacteria are exposed to antimicrobials. Resistance opens the door to treatment failure for even the most common pathogens and leads to an increasing number of infections. The mounting evidence of the relationship between antimicrobial use in animal husbandry and the increase in bacterial
11298336 March 19th, 2024 Enhancing Antimicrobial Stewardship: Critical Reflection On Professional Development As a pharmacy student seeking to enhance my professional development and fulfill continuous learning, I participated in the Professional Practice Project (PPP) titled “Antimicrobial Stewardship Tools for Dentists”. The learning objective I set for myself was to be able to identify at least three different aspects of antimicrobial stewardship to reduce improper antibiotic use, which I will
The Complexity of Antimicrobial Resistance In 2013 Dr. Tom Frieden, the Director of Centers for Disease Control, stated the following: “antimicrobial resistance is one of our most serious health threats” (Centers for Disease Control, 2013). Antimicrobials are used to treat almost all non-chronic illnesses; illnesses caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. These illnesses are often communicable and can cause death if not treated. When bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, there are sweeping effects
Antimicrobial Resistance “Antibiotics and similar drugs, together called antimicrobial agents, have been used for the last 70 years to treat patients who have infectious diseases. Since the 1940s, these drugs have greatly reduced illness and death from infectious diseases. However, these drugs have been used so widely and for so long that the infectious organisms the antibiotics are designed to kill have adapted to them, making the drugs less effective” (CDC, 2016). Statistics have been shown by
Antimicrobial sensitivity testing is important clinically because the proper selection of an antimicrobial drug in the treatment of a bacterial infection is ideally based on the knowledge of the sensitivities of the infecting organism. In this laboratory exercise you will be working within a group performing a commonly used test that is designed to determine whether or not an isolated organism is able to be treated using a specific antimicrobial drug. The procedure is called sensitivity testing.
Antimicrobial peptides (AMP), also known as host defense peptides (HDPs), exist extensively in all classes of life, contributing not only on immune responses mostly to bacterial infections, also modulating inflammatory response by regulating cytokine, chemotaxis, apoptosis and wound healing. Human HDPs have three major components, namely human α-, β-defensins (HADs and HBDs), and cathelicidin (LL-37). HDPs have a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive and -negative bacteria, fungal species
instituted a campaign entitles, "Campaign to Prevent Antimicrobial Resistance." The campaign focuses on four integrated strategies: preventing infection, diagnosing and treating infection effectively, using antimicrobials wisely, and preventing transmission.() This campaign consists of 12 steps that teach nurses as well as other healthcare providers about antimicrobial resistance and presents plans to advance nursing practice, as well as antimicrobial use. Another campaign developed by the CDC is
critical step for incorporating antimicrobial mechanisms particularly to control the post-processing contamination. Antimicrobial packaging is a promising form of active packaging to improve safety and shelf-life of food products. It is a novel development system which incorporates antimicrobial agent into a polymer film to suppress the activities of targeted microorganisms that are contaminating foods [14]. The antimicrobial activity can be accomplished by adding antimicrobial agents in the packaging system
Research Question Are synthetic antimicrobial substances (Dettol and Ajax) more effective at inhibiting the growth of the Escherichia coli bacterium than natural substances (Eucalyptus oil and tea tree oil)? Background Information Escherichia coli, also referred to as E.coli, is a rod-shaped, gram-negative bacterium. It is about 1-3 micrometres long, and around 0.25 micrometres in diameter (Microbe Wiki. 2004). The bacterium is typically found within the lower intestine of the digestive tracts of
decade have demonstrated that biologically active peptides are released from caseins and whey proteins contain 3to20 amino acid per molecule during fermentation. These bioactive compounds contain very important biological functionalities, such as antimicrobial, antihypertensive, antioxidative, anticytotoxic, immunomodulatory, opioid and minerals-carrying activities. Most of the bioactivities of milk are latent, being absent or incomplete in the original native proteins, but full activities are manifested
prepared and subjected to antimicrobial activity which was determined by the agar well diffusion method. The antimicrobial substances showed activity against Serratia marcescens. The molecular weight of the peptide from skin extract was found to be ~3kDa by SDS – PAGE and confirmed by zymogram analysis. Further the earthworm was identified by morphological and COI gene sequence analysis and resulted to be Wegeneriona sps. This study may lead to the formulation of new antimicrobial drug from the earthworm
the primary source of many infectious diseases and have led many scientists to the development of antimicrobial drugs. It is most commonly observed in many strains of bacteria that they have evolved to become resistant/susceptible against antibiotics. In 1928, it was originally proposed to perform a broth dilution method in order to investigate the resistance/susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobials, this method was technically demanding and novel techniques soon began to make way (Hudzicki, J
effectiveness of macrophages (Stern et al.,2001). The probiotics are mainly used to balance the microflora of organisms, which in turn helpful for the growth of an organism as well as its production (Kabir et al.,2005). Probiotics will secrete the antimicrobial substances and alter the microflora to suppress the pathogen activity and they will show the anti-toxin effect (Janardhana et al.,2...
important cause of morbidity and mortality among the general population, particularly in developing countries. Therefore, pharmaceutical companies have been motivated to develop new antimicrobial drugs in recent years, especially due to the constant emergence of microorganisms resistant to conventional antimicrobials (Silva et al., 2010). Most of the reemerging infectious disease agents first appeared long ago, but have survived and persisted by adapting to changing human populations and to environment
Plants are the primary producers in Earth’s ecosystem. Plants are autotropic, meaning they can produce their own food by the process of photosynthesis and as a result ultimately produce food for the ecosystem’s consumers. Understanding plant function is the key to enhancing crop production, medicine production, preservation of plant bio diversity etc. The plant kingdom is a treasure house of potential drugs and in the recent years there has been an increasing awareness about the importance of medicinal