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Women in Egypt and Mesopotamia
Women in Egypt and Mesopotamia
5 paragraph essay on hatshepsut
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Hatshepsut was born in Egypt around 1500 BC and mysteriously died 44 years later and is now preserved as a mummy in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Her reign over Egypt was a magnificent achievement for a woman of her period and was even said to have been the first great woman in recorded history (Millmore, 2011). Her inspirations and journey to the throne had a great paradoxical effect towards her goals and accomplishments. The Egyptian pharaoh was born as one of two daughters in the 18th Dynasty, also known as the New Kingdom, to royal parents King Tuthmosis I and Ahmes, her mother. Tuthmosis I additionally had a previous wife named Mutnofret who together had four sons, however she unfortunately died before he was defined successor to the throne of Egypt. One of their four sons, Tuthmosis II was pronounced heir to the throne and was crowned ruler of Egypt when his father passed away. Tuthmosis was arranged to marry his half sister, Hatshepsut, which was ethically appropriate for their time. Traditionally is was customary for the next male heir to become the new king of Egypt so as Hatshepsut produced no male heir, Tuthmosis’ son, Tuthmosis III, to another minor wife, Isis, was marked the next heir (Hatshepsut, 2008) and from there Hatshepsut’s almighty reign began and expanded to assist her in one day becoming the next King of Egypt and the first female ruler. Hatshepsut, in her reign, helped improve and remodel Egypt with restoring meaningful landmarks and decaying buildings in addition to constructing now historical landmarks such as the beautiful temple Deir el-Bahri Thebes and the Djeser Djeseru ‘Holy of Holies’ (Brown, 2009). Another important achievement that Hatshepsut granted Egypt was her great expansion of trade and her...
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...story: Lost and Found. Retrieved 6 4, 2011, from About: Women's History: http://womenshistory.about.com/od/hatshepsut/a/death_to_today.htm
Millmore, M. (2011, 3 12). Hatshepsut the Woman Who Was King. Retrieved 5 6, 2011, from http://www.discoveringegypt.com/Hatshepsut.htm
Robins, G. (1993). Women in Ancient Egypt. London, England: British Museum Press.
Seawright, C. (2000, 11 6). Hatshepsut, Female Pharaoh of Egypt. Retrieved 6 2, 2011, from Egyptology - General: http://www.thekeep.org/%7Ekunoichi/kunoichi/themestream/hatshepsut.html
Tyldesley, J. (1996). Hatchepsut: the Female Pharaoh. London: Penguin Group.
Volkova, G. (2011). Ancient Ships in art history: Egyptian Ships in ancient Egypt and Egyptian art Hapshetsut's Expedition to Punt. Retrieved 6 3, 2011, from Art Sales: http://www.artsales.com/ARTistory/Ancient_Ships/08_hatsheput_expedition.html
Queen Hatshepsut, who ruled Egypt during the 18th dynasty, was one of a small handful of female pharaohs. Despite her many achievements, her reign is most remembered for the fact that she was a woman. Her unique story has been a source for dispute among scholars, which has led to a number of conflicting views. The small amount of Hatshepsut’s life that has been documented does not allow us to see the more intimate details of her life. Historians have a broad range of opinions on her, but one thing is certain: her reign provided Egypt with a period of peace and prosperity after 100 years of foreign rule.
The success of the king’s rule became based on the approval or rejection of the god Amun-Re. Thus, Amun was used as a platform for political propaganda, with pharaohs such as Hatshepsut and Thutmose III using the God to legitimise their claims to the throne, as evidenced for Thutmose III on the Temple of Tiraqa: ‘I have achieved this according to that which was ordained for me by my father, Amun-Re’. Concepts of the divine oracles and the divine birth of the king became a theme for pharaohs of the 19th dynasty, and afforded them heightened legitimacy. Hatshepsut’s divine birth scenes on her mortuary temple in Deir el Bahri depicts her claim to be the daughter of Amun, manipulating the public to believe in her divine birth. Additionally, Thutmose IV’s ‘dream stela” erected between the paws of the sphinx, which claimed that he had been granted the kingship because he had freed the monument according to instruction from gods. Some historians have dismissed these building projects, which consolidated the importance and authority of the state cult of Amun-Re as mere political propaganda. However, it is more the point that they reflect a significant change in the Egyptian political landscape, as it became dependent on and connected to the sustained pre-eminence of the cult of Amun-Re and the religious unity that eventuated. Therefore, the amun
Robins, Gay. "The Names of Hatshepsut as King." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 85 (1999): 103-12. Jstore. Web. 8 Dec. 2013. .
After her father’s death when she was 12, Hatshepsut became the queen of Egypt when she married her half-brother and he became the Pharaoh Thutmose II. He was the son of her father and one of his second wives. During the reign of Thutmose II, Hatshepsut assumed the traditional role of queen and principal wife. During their marriage, Hatshepsut and Thutmose II were not able to produce a male heir but had a daughter named Neferure. Because she was the first and main wife and queen of Thutmose II, when he died, she proclaimed herself the fifth Pharaoh while denying the old Kings son, her nephew.
These two statues are famous to the Egyptian art era. They represent the woman’s position and the man’s position at that day and age. Traditionally, the rulers of Egypt were male. So, when Hatshepsut, Dynasty 18, ca. 1473-1458 B.C., assumed the titles and functions of king she was portrayed in royal male costumes. Such representations were more for a political statement, rather than a reflection of the way she actually looked. In this sculpture, she sits upon a throne and wears the royal kilt and the striped nemes (NEM-iss) headdress with the uraeus (cobra) and is bare chested like a man. However, she does not wear the royal beard, and the proportions of her body are delicate and feminine.
“The pharaoh of ancient Egypt is normally described as the typical example of a divine ruler” (J. Ray, Hatshepsut, Vol 44, Issue 5, 1994) The ancient Egyptian world has seen hundreds of pharaohs; some excelled and some didn’t. Many of the pharaohs were men, only few females succeeded in gaining such great power, yet some did... specifically Hatshepsut. Few pharaohs of the 18Th Dynasty have aroused as much controversy as Hatshepsut. Hatshepsut was the sixth pharaoh of the New Kingdom and set up co-regency with her nephew and stepson, Thutmose III. (J. Lawless, Hatshepsut, a Personal Study, 2010) Hatshepsut created many junctions in history through politics, building programmes and military. This makes her so recognised in modern day studies, though almost all evidence of her existence has been partially or completely destroyed. Due to this many theories have been created about the standard of her reign.
Before Hatshepsut, there were other woman who attempted to rule over Egypt. Every time a woman came to power, there was some sort of problem that was left for them to solve. Unlike Hatshepsut, the other woman did not have any confidence to name themselves pharaoh and they did not grow up in the royal family like Hatshepsut did. In paragraph 13, it states, “A few women had tried to rule Egypt before, but never would search valid claim to the throne,” and, “These women had not ruled long or well and neither had had the audacity to proclaim herself pharaoh.” These quotes explain that Hatshepsut was recognized for taking power at a good time and not stepping
The Woman who was King. Kings and Queens. 1997-2005. Mark Millmore's Ancient Egypt. 20 Nov. 2004. <http://www.eyelid.co.uk/k-q1.htm>.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ‘Egyptian Art’, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Art. New Series, Vol. 41, No. 3, Egyptian Art (Winter, 1983-1984): pp. 1+3-56
Ancient Egypt is home to one of the greatest female pharaoh. Queen Hatshepsut. She was the first female pharaoh and did great things.
Hatshepsut was born in 1508 B.C., daughter of Thutmose I. Thutmose I was the third king of the 18th century, son of a military man. He did not take to the throne as son of a former king, but due to unknown circumstances he rose to the throne. His reign ended in 1493B.C.. Thutmose I was succeeded by his son Thutmose II. After the death of Hatshepsut’s father at age twelve,
Foss follows his discussion on the Ptolemy's dynasty by looking at Cleopatra's upbringing and entry to politics. It considers topics, such as, her early years as a child, her characteristic traits and her accession to the throne. A very specific point that Foss emphasizes is Cleopatra connection with Egyptian culture. She combines a greek thirst for knowledge an...
Hatshepsut was born into a wealthy, educated family; however, she displayed qualities that are innate among most great leaders. She was courageous, ambitious, confident, and innovative. This allowed her to become the female Pharaoh during the 18th dynasty, and in a male dominating society, this was seen as an accomplishment among historians analyzing women in power. Hatshepsut’s will to adopt the role as Pharaoh prior to her reign portrays her as a strong, independent female leader. Her building projects and further establishment of trade had a positive impact on Ancient Egypt socially, economically, and intellectually by creating opportunity and further expanding their knowledge. Ultimately, Hatshepsut is considered to be a very successful and influential leader within Ancient history.
Pomeroy, Sarah B. -. Women in Hellenistic Egypt: From Alexander to Cleopatra. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1990. Pomeroy, Sarah B. Women’s History & Ancient History.
Fischer, Henry George. Egyptian Women of the Old Kingdom and the Heracleopolitan Period. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York. 1989