Time Value of Money Paper
In order to understand how to deal with money the important idea to know is the time value of money. Time Value of Money (TVM) is the simple concept that a dollar that someone has now is worth more than the dollar that person will receive in the future, this is because the money that the person holds today is worth more because it can be invested and earn interest (Web Finance, Inc., 2007). The following paper will explain how annuities affect TVM problems and investment outcomes. The issues that impact TCM will also be discussed: Interest rates and compounding (with two problems), present value, future value, opportunity cost, annuities and the rule of '72.
The idea of TVM allows managers or investors the capability to understand the advantages and future cash flow of the cost of an investment or project. TVM is an important concept in financial management. It can be used to compare investment alternatives and to solve problems involving loans, mortgages, leases, savings, and annuities (Getobjects.com, 2004).
"Interest is the cost of borrowing money. An interest rate is the cost stated as a percent of the amount borrowed per period of time, usually one year" (Getobjects.com, 2004). An interest rate is a very important factor in all financial decisions. The two types of interest rates are simple and compound (Brealey, Myers & Marcus, 2003). A simple interest rate for example, occurs when a person borrows money from a lender and he or she will have to pay the lender a fee, this fee is the simple interest rate (Brealey, Myers & Marcus, 2003). Simple interest is normally used for a single period of less than a year, such as 30 or 60 days [simple interest = p x i x n] (Getobjects.com, 2004). For examp...
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...Retrieved May 26, 2007, from http://www.getobjects.com/Components/Finance/TVM/iy.html
Getobjects.com. (2004). Value of annuities. Retrieved May 26, 2007, from http://www.getobjects.com/Components/Finance/TVM/pva.html
Brealey, R.A., Myers, S.C. & Marcus, A.J. (2003). Fundamentals of corporate finance, 4e. [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text]. The McGraw-Hill Companies. Retrieved May 26, 2007, from University of Phoenix, rEsource, FIN 325Financial Analysis for Managers II Course Web site.
Investopedia ULC. (2007). Opportunity cost. Retrieved May 26, 2007, from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/o/opportunitycost.asp
Wikipedia. (2007). Rule of '72. Retrieved May 26, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_72
Dobbs, M.L. (2007). Lazy Money "The Rule of 72." Executive Benefit Strategies. Retrieved May 26, 2007, from http://www.mldobbs.com/
Can We Keep Our Promises? The purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of the article called “Can We Keep Our Promises?” by Robert D. Arnott, and to help better understand the three key risks facing each investor. Robert Arnott describes risk and return as “having two sides of the same coin” meaning risk is inseparable from return. Arnott points out the most important risks that are faced by managers of company pension plans: underperforming other corporate pension funds (their peers), losing money (mostly associated with portfolio standard deviation or volatility), and underperforming the values of pension obligations and therefore losing actuarial ground.
money.In the line “To be made of it !” Gioia uses a hyperbole by referring to rich people as being
This paper explores the characteristics of traditional and Roth IRAs, as well as the similarities and differences between both. The main characteristic of both IRAs is that both are considered tax shelters—a way for individuals to receive reduced tax liability by decreasing one’s taxable income. Traditional IRA’s are called “deductible” because contributions made with earned income, up to specified limits, are fully or partially deductible from income depending upon factors such as adjusted gross income and filing status. Upon withdrawal, the money is then taxed as ordinary income. Roth IRAs are the antithesis—the money that you contribute here is already taxed at your marginal tax rate and the withdrawals are generally not taxed. Only money that is considered investment income is taxed. Because of the income limits of Roth IRAs, some individuals choose first to contribute to traditional IRAs or employer-sponsored programs and subsequently convert to a Roth IRA. For younger individuals with lower incomes, Roth IRAs seem to be the better choice based on the below research. The money is taxed at a lower rate and then contributed. As one ages, tax rates are probable to rise and the cost of contributing increases as a result. Saving in full measure, below the legal limit and beginning this process at a young age seems the best option for a enjoyable retirement in years to come.
This object is one of the financial goals to invest properly. Marriott used discounted cash flow techniques to evaluate potential investment. It is beneficial because it is considered present time value. Projects which increase shareholder value could be formed with benchmark hurdle rates, the company can ensure a return on projects which results in profitable and competitive advantage.
Time value of money (TVM) is a monetary concept that is very important to all parts of the financial world. This concept basically says that $100 today is worth more than $100 a year from now (or anytime in the future). Also, an individual should earn some value of compensation for not spending their money. This compensation is essentially called the interest that will be earned on the initial cash. What about when an individual opts to receive money in the future rather than today? That can lead to problems. This is because they are taking a gamble by loaning money- since there is almost always risk in loaning money. A couple of these risks include inflation and default risk. Default risk means that the person who borrowed the money does not repay the money to the person that loaned it. Inflation means that the general prices of products will rise. How does all this work? In theory the person that gets the $100 today could invest it, even at a very low annual percentage rate (APR), and still come out ahead. If they invest it at 2% APR, they would have $102 at the end of one year. Th...
The second type of loan has an adjustable rate. These rates are often unpredictable, and even though the initial monthly rates might appear to be lower than with fixed rate mortgages, rest assured, you won’t be paying less in the long-run.
A traditional analysis gives a mistakenly high value to dollars in the future, money in the future is given the same value as money today; but in reality, money in the fu...
William Sharpe, Gordon J. Alexander, Jeffrey W Bailey. Investments. Prentice Hall; 6 edition, October 20, 1998
From my perspective, the usefulness of CAPM is directed towards efficient investment decision making and strategic management. Moosa (2013) remarks CAPM to be a supportive model in ‘evaluating the performance of managed portfolios and for investment purposes’.
ii. A company borrows £2,000,000 in 1998, with a fixed interest rate of 8%, payable annually for a 5 year period.
An extension of the basic transaction demand for money theory is that set out by Baumol (1952) and further extended by Tobin (1956). The major underpinning of the inventory approach is that individual’s face a trade-off, between the liquidity offered by money balances, and the interest offered by bond holdings. The models determinants are therefore the nominal interest rate, the level of real income that relates to the desired number of transactions and the transaction costs of transferring money to bonds and vice versa, which are assumed fixed.
Financial Future: Where Will it be in 10 Years? Retrieved on November 20, 2013 from
Block, S. B., & Hirt, G. A. (2005). Foundations of financial management. (11th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
The first advantage of interest income is interest income is more sustainable and high quality of earning to a bank from loan, share financing, hire purchase and others. The interest from a loan is a fixed interest agreed to charge by a bank to the borrower with a certain period of time. If the borrower is responsible, the repayment will be made in a due date with the actual amount. The hirer, the person who has option to buy goods in accordance is required to pay the monthly installment to the bank under the hire purchase agreement. This kind of payment is sustainable as the hirer has already signed the agreement with the bank. The goods will be obtained by bank if the hirer
Using the Modern Portfolio Theory, overtime risk assets will provide a higher expected rate of return, as compensation to the investors for accepting a high risk. The high risk will eventually lower collecting asset classes to the portfolio, thus reducing the volatile risk, and increasing the expected rates of return. Furthermore the purpose of this theory is to develop the most optimal investments portfolio which would yield the highest rate of return while ascertaining the risk for the individual or corporate investor.