Problem 1: Memory
The NHS has recognised that numbers of error have transpired within nursing homes resulting from failures in central executive (short term) memory function in dementia patients. The NHS has sought advice on the possible interventions to help improve this type of memory and an overview of theory for this memory. They also want to know about how the effectiveness of the intervention would be measured. Baddeley and Hitch’s (1974) model of Working Memory will be used to explain this effect.
Dementia is a chronic disorder of mental processes caused by brain disease such as Alzheimer’s or injury such as stroke. The most common symptoms associated with Dementia including memory loss and difficulties in thinking (Barry, 2002: 238-9). Nevertheless people will experience different symptoms depending on which part of the brain is spoilt and thus experience dementia differently (Goldsmith 2002:168). Around 800,000 people over the age of 65 in the UK have dementia; however 17,000 people in the UK have developed dementia before the age of 65 (Alzheimer's Society 2013:2-3).
Baddeley and Hitch (1974) coined the theory of working memory suggesting that the working memory is not a unitary store. It consists of a central executive; this controls the flow of information from and to the two subsystems: the phonological loop (deal with spoken and written material) and the visuo-spatial sketchpad (stores and process information in a visual form). The central executive (CE) is the most important part of the model. Kensinger et al () suggested that working memory in Alzheimer is reduced and that this reduction was due to semantic memory; which is the ability to understand and recognise words.
This model criticises and replaces the...
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• Smokowski, P. R., Kopasz, K. H. (2005) Bullying in school: An overview of types, effects, family characteristics, and intervention strategies. Children and Schools, 27 (2), 101 – 110.
• Tajfel, H., Billig, M., Bundy, R.P., Flament, C. (1971) 'Social categorization and intergroup behaviour.’ European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 149-178.
• Zimbardo, P.G., Gerrig, R.J. (1999). Psychology and Life – 15th edition. USA. Addison Wesley World Student Series. 774.
Reference
https://www.dosomething.org/tipsandtools/11-facts-about-school-bullying
http://www.nspcc.org.uk/inform/research/briefings/school_bullying_pdf_wdf73502.pdf
http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0197455613001317/1-s2.0-S0197455613001317-main.pdf?_tid=7d207488-ba75-11e3-8374-00000aab0f26&acdnat=1396450132_d35d6fb2df0ed03cb3e5a04d38d04fbc
http://www.bullyingstatistics.org/content/verbal-bullying.html
The World of Psychology. (2002). A Pearson Education Company. Boston, MA: Samuel Wood & Ellen Green Wood p. 593
Dementia is a disease which causes mental debility and affects one’s way of intelligent, attentiveness, recollection and problem-solving (NHS, 2013). As a result of dysfunction of brain cells in some parts of the brain it affects the thinking process then dementia occurs and it usually comes with age (Ibid). It is estimated that 560 000 people suffer from dementia in England and as a result the NHS and Social Care spend about 3.3billion (National Audit Offices)
...(2012) Alzheimer's Society Dementia A national challenge. Report. Available from: http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/download_info.php?fileID=1389 [Accessed 3 February 2014]
Memory plays a significant role in the everyday lives of people of all ages. It allows them to recall information and remember skills that were learned in the past. Memory also organizes past information to help people make current and future decisions. However, imagine forgetting the names of close family members or not having the ability to find your keys every time you want to leave the house. These are some of the struggles that people with Alzheimer’s disease face daily. Alzheimer’s disease was first identified by German neurologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906, and was discovered to have an overpowering effect on explicit memory loss (Gruetzner, 1988). There are two types of Alzheimer’s disease – early onset and late onset. Early onset occurs in patients who are diagnosed before the age of 65 whereas late onset occurs in patients who are diagnosed after the age of 65. In the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease, short-term memory is often lost. As Alzheimer’s disease progresses, problems with long-term memory begin to develop, in addition to short-term memory impairments. Although a lot is known about the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease, the cause has not been conclusively identified. However, as research continues, new theories about the cause of Alzheimer’s disease are being proposed. This has led to a controversy over whether Alzheimer’s disease is caused by genetics or environmental influences (Gruetzner, 1988).
People with dementia may have problems with short-term memory, keeping track of their belongings, keeping up with plans, remembering appointments or travel dates. Many dementias are progressive. This means that symptoms start out slowly and gradually get worse with time. Alzheimer’s and other types of dementia are diagnosed based on careful medical history, a physical examination, laboratory tests, and the characteristic changes in thinking, day-to-day function and behavior related to each
This essay addresses the working memory model which was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974 in Smith & Kosslyn, 2007) as a response to Atkinson and Shiffrins (1968 in Smith, 2007) multi-store model. According to Baddely and Hitch the multi-store model failed to explain most of the complexities of the human memory and viewed it as being too simplistic. They argued that the short term memory store must have more components rather it being a single inflexible store as suggested previously by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). The working memory model is therefore an enhancement of the multi store model. According to Baddeley and Hitch working memory is a limited- capacity system that stores and processes information.
Gall, S. B., Beins, B., & Feldman, A. (2001). The gale encyclopedia of psychology. (2nd ed.). Detroit, MI: Gale Group.
Corsini, Raymond J. (1994). Encyclopedia of Psychology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc: New York, New York.
This paper is on dementia, a late-life disorder, as it pertains to the geriatric population. “It is estimated that 24.3 million people around the world have dementia and that, with an estimated 4.6 million new cases every year, we can expect about 43 million people and their families to have to handle the challenge of dementia by 2020.” (McNamera, 2011) I will cover three relevant points concerning this disorder that cause changes in the brain.
“Loss” is the main thing many people think about when they think of dementia. Dementia is a term used to describe a disease that infects the mind of elderly people making them forget their memories and everyday activities. There are varying levels and extremes of dementia, meaning the disease affects people differently depending on how severe their specific case of dementia is. Fortunately, the disease does not happen immediately, it is a gradual process. The more time that passes, the more matured the disease gets. Also, dementia contributes to the loss of cognitive, psychological, and health related functions.
Gall, S. B., Beins, B., & Feldman, A. (2001). The gale encyclopedia of psychology. (2nd ed., pp. 271-273). Detroit, MI: Gale Group.
One of the most common problems in elders is dementia. The Alzheimer’s Association describes dementia as a range of symptoms rather than just one single specific disease. The symptoms of dementia range from memory loss as well as a decline in thinking skills to severe symptoms that lead to the decline of that person’s ability to perform activities of daily living (What
Dementia is a long-term condition that normally affects people aged 65 and over, younger people can be affected. Having dementia can cause loss of key functions to the brain, such as; loss of memory; confusion; speech and language problems; loss of ability to make judgements; loss of concentration; difficulty in processing information; changes in behaviour and personality. These all lead to a person not been able to function properly. The person’s ability to function deteriorates over a period of time and is usually at least 6 months before positive diagnosis of dementia can be made. Dementia is caused when the brain is damaged by diseases such as Alzheimer’s which is the most common of dementia, vascular which is a series of mini strokes,
Philadelphia, USA: Churchill Livingstone. Kerr, D. (2007). The 'Standard'. Understanding Learning Disability and Dementia: Developing Effective Interventions (1st ed.). London, UK: Jessica Kingsley.
Everyone has been bullied or encountered someone being bullied at some point of their life. Whether it would be physically or verbally both can be exceedingly traumatizing and can have a long-term psychological influence on children’s development. Majority people may define bullying in a more physical term; nevertheless that’s not always the case. The act of bullying can occur in several ways and in reality affect the individual in the same way. Bullying is generally defined as repeated, negative, and harmful actions focused at target throughout a course of time, exhibiting a sense of power difference between the bully and the victim (Olweus, 1993; Limber & Mihalic, 1999 as cited from Douglas J. Boyle, 2005). A survey was conducted in the United States estimating that over six million children, about 30% in grade six through ten have experienced frequent bullying in a school environment (Nansel, 2001 as cited from Douglas J. Boyle, 2005). Many people might debate that bullying is something that every child goes through and is simply a part of growing up, although there are several damaging consequences that happens to the child’s brain. Bullying causes the child to feel upset, isolated, frightened, anxious, and depressed. They feel like they reason they are being picked on is because there is something wrong with them and may even lose their confidence feel unsafe going to school (Frenette, 2013 as cited from Douglas J. Boyle, 2005) Anthropologically, sociologically, or psychologically, bullying can be analyzed through different perspectives and several questions can be asked based on the topic: