In This assignment I will be discussing the significance of relevant theories and principles
I will be discussing Humanism, behaviourism and cognitivsm, and how they can support effective teaching and learning.
Cognitive development focuses on the inner mental activities. It is a theory about the nature and development of human intelligence. It is known as a developmental stage theory. It deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans come gradually to acquire construct and use it. Cognitive learners learn by constructing information from their experiences and what they already know. Cognitive learners learn mainly by problem solving activities. They need to think outside of the box.
According to Piaget: The behaviour of the human organism starts with the organization of sensory motor reactions and becomes more intelligent as co -ordination between the reactions to objects becomes progressively more interrelated and complex. (S Knowles, Pg 31:2005)
Behaviourist regards all behaviour as a response to stimuli. They assume that what we do is determined by the environments we are in which provides stimuli to which we respond and the environments we have been in the past which causes us to learn to respond to the stimuli in particular ways. Behaviourist learns by responding to a certain task. Pavlov states that Behaviourism is the association or pairing of a stimulus with a response. (Classroom notes)
Humanism focuses on the human freedom, dignity and potential. The learner learns by realising their own potential and building on this. This is in contrast to the behaviourist notion of operative conditioning, which argues that all behaviour is the result of the application of consequences. Abraham Maslow sees the goal of ...
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...t they face in their lives. So they learn better when they are presented with tasks which relate to real life situations.
Looking at this assignment I have found that adults have different characteristics of learning. I believe anybody can learn anything if they are motivated and are willing to learn there are two streams of learning one where learners use their creativity side and the other is their intelligence. It is here where they can reach the point of humanism and learning will take place whether it is a behaviourist, humanist or cognitive approach. Learners need a variety of activities such as group discussions, simulation exercises, problem solving activities, case methods, and laboratory methods.
Works Cited
S Knowles (2005) The Adult learner, Butterworth Heinemann, Sixth edition. www.learning theories .com www.doceo.co.uk/academic/learning links.htm
The effectiveness of your teaching and learning approaches used in your area of specialism in relation to meeting the individual needs of the learner.
Piaget theory explains four stage of learning i.e. Assimilation, Equilibrium, Disequilibrium, and Accommodation. Operant conditioning by skinner is based on the system of negative and positive reinforcement. This implies that during learning good actions should be rewarded and the bad actions should be punished in order to avoid them. According to Watson, by birth every individual
Behaviourism is a theory of learning which suggests that all behaviours are obtained as a result of conditioning...
The quote from the famous psychologist John B. Watson essentially sums up behaviourism. Behaviourism refers to the school of psychology founded by Watson, established on the fact that behaviours can be measured and observed (Watson, 1993). In behaviourism, there is a strong emphasis that the acquisition of learning, or permanent change in behaviour, is by external manifestation. Thus, any individual differences in behaviours observed was more likely due to experiences, and not by the working of genes. As the quote suggest, any individuals can be potentially trained to perform any tasks through the right conditioning. There are two major types of conditioning, classical and operant conditioning (Cacioppo & Freberg, 2012).
Humanistic Theory is based on the ability for individuals to be able to separately diverse with our own prospective on life. Maslow’s theory speaks to the potential and to positive outcome of human motivation and believes that every individual can and will strives to be more.
Piaget's theory provides a basis for human intelligence by categorizing the major stages in child development and how they contribute to intelligence. Each of these invariant stages has major cognitive skills that must be learned. Knowledge is not merely transmitted verbally but must be constructed and reconstructed by the learner (3).
Teaching theories are as much part of the classroom as the student and the teacher. The effect individual theories have on an environment depends how they are incorporated within the classroom in addition to the influence they have had on the curriculum construction. This essay will briefly look at how motivation theory, cognitive and social cognitive theory along with constructivism have impacted on education and the classroom.
The learning process for adults is never ending and can be very challenging. As an adult educator, teaching adult learners you will face many challenges in the learning process. It is our responsibility to keep the learners engaged, and to help them to realize their full learning potential.
... are determined by the stimuli in the environment we are in. Behaviourists believe that all behaviour is learned and in turn can be unlearned by pinpointing the stimulus which is provoking the behaviour and changing the individuals learned response towards it.
Analysis: having been through the adult learning experience I have realised the roll of learner and teacher in this approach. An effective teacher can facilitate the development of independence, self confidence, learning satisfaction and help students (the learner) to critical think. This experience has taught me that there are different styles of learning and teaching that I can adopt in my future.
If we consider the basis of humanist theories, such as Maslow, we can find it in the cognitivists and behaviourist approaches. If we were to give a generalisation, it can be said that the use of any of these theories is necessary and beneficial. Therefore, it is essential that the correct techniques and learning principles as well as its correct application by the teachers and students is needed to achieve the best results. It brings to mind whether these theories were at the forefront of the minds of my previous teacher, or if they still are. Many of my teachers struggled with the management of multiple student issues at one time, and students felt neglected in their thoughts and education. Would it have been possible to overcome this impasse then if this knowledge was apparent in the students and the teachers had more capability to implement
Within the andragogical model described by Knowles, Holton, and Swanson (2015), adults need learning experiences that are different than those found in the pedagogical model. Instead of waiting for experiences that are directed and controlled by a teacher, adults need to have a clear rationale and understanding for the learning, feel past experiences are valuable, and have a developed internal system for motivation in order to help a learning experience be successful. The connection and orientation to the learning task, the readiness to learn, and self-concept are other important ideas to adult learning.
In summary, I guess I disagree with the theory that adults learn differently than children. I think we all learn the same. I think it is the strategy that is different. I believe that the role of any good educator is to guide the learner into connecting what they are learning in the classroom to their world.
Behaviorist theory is that any and all behaviors can be learned, emotional or otherwise. This learning is founded on an impression that all behaviors are developed by the means of conditioning. The behaviorist theory has been affected by many important scientists. The main contributors to this theory are: John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B.F. Skinner. The two major components of the behaviorist theory are from Pavlov and Skinner and they are classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Watson was “the founder of behavioral psychology the aim of which was to predict and control human behavior” (John, 2011). Behaviorism believes that a person’s behavior is the product of the environment in which the subject is involved.
Behaviorism is a theory of learning that focuses on the way that pleasant or unpleasant consequences of behavior can change someone’s behavior over time. It’s based upon the idea that all behaviors are developed through forms of conditioning. Conditioning happens through interacting with the environment, and behaviorism is the belief that our responses to these environmental stimuli shape our behaviors.