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Does nature or nurture impact intelligence more
Does nature or nurture impact intelligence more
Does nature or nurture impact intelligence more
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Intelligence can be defined in many different ways. This concept has been the focus of numerous studies and investigations by psychologists and other scientific experts. Intelligence can be the mental ability to reason, plan ahead, understand a wide range of complex issues and learn from past experiences (Gottfredson, 1997). Intelligence is the “resultant of the process of acquiring, storing in memory, retrieving, combining, comparing, and using in new contexts information and conceptual skills” (Humphreys, 1979) Intelligence is commonly measured through the use of a number of scales and quantitative measures, like the Intelligence Quotient (IQ), developed by Alfred Binet in early 20th century to identify which French children needed more attention from their educators. The use of IQ tests progressively spread to all parts of the world. The use of these tests has raised controversy among psychologists and educators, with supporters of IQ tests assuming that the tests produce measure of genetically transmitted intelligence. On the other hand, critics of the tests have pointed out that IQ test provides a measure that defines intelligence through the use of cultural deterministic concepts. The ethnocentrism embedded in the assumptions of many commentators, has generated into a justification for a number of theoretical approaches, like those by Charles Murray and others (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/850358.stm). The dichotomy between the view that intelligence levels are affected by situational factors and the view that intelligence is genetically transmitted has dominated psychological debates on IQ throughout decades. The statements made by many commentators that intelligences depends on genetic factors has been ... ... middle of paper ... ...c factors, but to education, parental supervision and other situational and environmental factors. BIBLIOGRAPHY Gottfredson, L.S. (1997) "Foreword to "intelligence and social policy". Intelligence Volume 24 (number1): pp. 1–12. Humphreys, L. G. (1979). "The construct of general intelligence". Intelligence. Volume 3 (Number 2): pp. 105–120. Marshall, G. (1994) (ed.), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Sociology (Oxford: Oxford University Press. Safer, M. A. (1980). Attributing evil to the subject, not the situation: Student reaction to Milgram’s film on obedience. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 6, 205–209. Sutherland, E. H. (1947) Principles of criminology. Chicago : J. B. Lippincott (4th Edition) . Zimbardo, P. G. (1999). The Psychology of Evil. Stanford University http://www.sonoma.edu/users/g/goodman/zimbardo.htm
General intelligence tends to relate to various degrees with each other (Cohen 2012). An example of this is that if an individual is good in math, they may also be good in spelling. In this weeks reading we reviewed several different models of measurement of intelligence. In regard to these theories and general intelligence (g), the theories are various but have commonality and overlap. The Spearman's two-factor theory is if a test has high correlation with other test than the measurement of g is highly saturated (Cohen, 2012). The greater the importance of g on a test, the better the test is believed to predict intelligence
Despite in this book, Dr. Richard Lynn and Dr. Tatu Vanhanen had believed that the central thesis of this book is that the average IQ of a nation correlates with its GDP. This central thesis had been rejected or disregarded to to various reasons. The average IQ scores, between various nations differ and have been affected by both genetic and environmental factors. These factors are an inevitable throughout any psychological topic due to the common debate between nature versus nurture. Also, another flaw was that critical responses included critiques of the data and conclusions due to weak statistical evidence and precarious conclusions.
Intelligence tests have been developed by scientists as a tool to categorize army recruits or analyze school children. But still discussing what intelligence is, academics have a difficult time defining what intelligence tests should measure. According to the American researcher Thorndike, intelligence is only that what intelligence tests claim it is (Comer, Gould, & Furnham, 2013). Thus, depending on what is being researched in the test and depending on the scientist’s definition of intelligence the meaning of the word intelligence may vary a lot. This essay will discuss what intelligence is in order to be able to understand the intelligence theories and aims of intelligence tests.
Many psychology theories have been developed in order to determine how to measure intelligence. Volume 63 of the Annual Review of Psychology details a few studies citing popular theories from the 1970s to 2000 (Deary, 2012), including the measurement of, “sensory discrimination and reaction time,” (Deary, 2012). After 2000, however, “interest has focused, in the broadly psychometric-experimental levels, on processing speed and working memory as potential explanatory variables for intelligence,” (Deary, 2012). In measuring intelligence, scientists are focu...
...gists have debated the explanation of intelligence for hundreds of years, with its discovery promising to unlock the secret to understanding why we do what we do. A social construct known as race, showing discrepancies of intelligence, further complicates the mystery. After thorough analysis of the available data, it is evident that IQ scores do not indicate a fundamental intellectual ability as such as phenomenon does not exist. Intelligence is a multifaceted concept, and IQ tests only assess one dimension of learning. I have demonstrated that racial differences are an ever-present element of our society, and must be considered when creating intelligence measurement tools due to the vast variation in perceptions of intelligence. Despite race being a social construct, group differences in IQ are the result of both genetic determinants, and environmental influences.
Myers, David G. “Chapter 14: Social Psychology.” Psychology. 10th ed. New York, NY US: Worth
Lynn, Richard, and John Harvey. "The Decline of the World's IQ." Intelligence 36 (2008): 112-
The task of trying to quantify a person’s intelligence has been a goal of psychologists since before the beginning of this century. The Binet-Simon scales were first proposed in 1905 in Paris, France and various sorts of tests have been evolving ever since. One of the important questions that always comes up regarding these tools is what are the tests really measuring? Are they measuring a person’s intelligence? Their ability to perform well on standardized tests? Or just some arbitrary quantity of the person’s IQ? When examining the situations around which these tests are given and the content of the tests themselves, it becomes apparent that however useful the tests may be for standardizing a group’s intellectual ability, they are not a good indicator of intelligence.
Culture has a unique role in the case of intelligence and without describing the part of culture the intelligence portion will become incomplete. Besides, individuals in diverse societies have distinctive certain views on intelligence, therefore in one culture one behaviour may consider as smart or intelligent and in other it may consider as unintelligent or stupid. Then, the connections between diverse parts of intelligence can fluctuate crosswise over societies, with relationships that are optimistic in one setting ended up being pessimistic in an alternate. Then, first of all we should understand what is mean by Intelligence and what the definition of a culture is.
Recent information collected showing an increase to our IQs have many asking the question, are we smarting than our ancestors? Unlike our predecessors, we live in a time that poses a greater range of cognitive problems than our ancestors encountered, and as a result we've developed new cognitive skills and the kinds of brains that can deal with these problems. So in a way we are getting smarter throughout history, though it is widely debated if this is due to our environment or genes. Since IQ tests have been standardised many times over the last one hundred years, scientists have participants take a test designed for a previous age and record the results. What (Flynn, 1994) unearthed was that new test takers score much higher than those of the older generation. Flynn and his colleagues guessed that the difference in scores was due to improving modern environments. To them IQ is part heritable and part environmental- provide a child with opportunities to learn and they're likely to have a higher IQ later in
interpreted as being caused by genetic or environmental differences among groups? A strong promoter of the belief that there is undoubtedly a racial difference in intelligence is Phillippe Rushton. As a professor of psychology, he argues that there is irrefutable scientific evidence of difference...
On the ‘nature’ side of the debate is the psychometric approach, considered to be the most dominant in the study of intelligence, which “inspired the most research and attracted the most attention” (Neisser et al. 1996, p. 77). It argues that there is one general (‘g’) factor which accounts for intelligence. In the 1880s, Francis Galton conducted many tests (measuring reaction times to cognitive tasks), (Boundless 2013), in order to scientifically measure intelligence. These tests were linked to the eugenic breeding programme, which aimed to eliminate biologically inferior people from society. Galton believed that as intelligence was inherited, social class or position were significant indicators of intelligence. If an individual was of high social standing, they would be more intelligent than those of a lower position. However he failed to show any consistency across the tests for this hypothesis, weakening his theory that social class correlated with intelligence. Nevertheless, his creation of the intelligence test led many to continue to develop...
As numerous research and studies' findings have shown, both nature and nurture work together. These shouldn't be considered as separate, but instead intertwined, as they both interact and depend on each other. An interaction of genetic and environmental factors are responsible for influencing and determining intelligence levels.
The unjustified beliefs of genetic inferiority of some races have long since been denounced. These unfounded beliefs have been replaced by research which indicates that the genetic component of intelligence is augmented by the nurturing environment (or lack thereof) of a child. The paper sites twin studies, which give creedence to the genetic component of intelligence, and notes these differences apply within the different ethnic and racial groups.
When determining the malleability of intelligence, one must first have a firm grasp of what, exactly, intelligence is. Most definitions reflect the psychometric approach (Gross), which deals with measuring differences in individuals through tests. These can be divided into those with a narrower view (Burt and Terman, in Gross), which is seen in the idea of general intelligence ‘g’ (Spearman, in Gross), and those with a somewhat broader definition, which generally attempt to include aspects beyond cognition (Binet and Wechsler, in Gross). Along with these are some who define intelligence not as a noun, but as an adjective, i.e. intelligent activity (Heim and Ryle, in Gross). This ongoing debate must be taken into account when investigating the malleability of intelligence, as IQ scores do not necessarily equate to actual intelligence, lending certain limitations to the references. In spite of these limitations, opponent...