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conclusion for biological effects of radiation
conclusion for biological effects of radiation
effects of nuclear energy on the environment
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The Effects of Increased Temperature on Fish Reproduction Today, many factors can contribute to an unexpected increase in temperature in streams, ponds, lakes and even oceans. One of the many factors which may cause this is a nuclear power plant. Although many might think that nuclear power is a source of many pollutants, this has been proven not to be so (1). In fact, nuclear power plants only cause one pollutant to the nearby water bodies, increased temperature. Usually this increase in temperature is approximately ten degrees above normal (2). However, this main study is to look at any effects that fish may have because of this increase in temperature. Several studies have been performed in this area, on several different species of fish. Although most fish respond in the same way, Eurasian Perch, for example, showed interesting side effects. By having an experimental group, which is placed into waters at a temperature of about ten degrees higher than the natural temperature, it is easy to compare to the control group, what physiological problems had occured. During the winter months, fish seek cooler water to perform gametogenesis, that is, sperm and eggs begin to form through meiosis. When spring arrives, these fish head back towards warmer water to spawn (3). What if the temperature is kept at a constant higher than the control group? One could say that this might cause the fish to think it is in the spawning season. By giving the fish a constant spawning season, the fish's reproductive cycle is knocked out of sequence. For example, suppose a fish normally lives in cold water during the winter months. If the fish is suddenly exposed to warm water during this time period, it may cause problems by... ... middle of paper ... ...f the Brown Bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus, with Reference to its Orientation to the Discharge Canal of a Nuclear Power Plant. F. Paul Richards, Richard M. Ibara Trans. Am. Fish. 1978 107(2), 288-220 Other Works: DNA Damage and Radiocesium in Channel Catfish from Chernobyl Derric w. Sugg, John W. Bickham, Janet A. Brooks, Michael D. Lomakin Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 1996 Vol. 15, No. 7, 1057-1063 Effects of Temperature on Mitochondrial Function in the Antarctic fish Trematomus Bernacchii R. B. Weinstein, G. N. Somero J. Comp Physiol B. 1998, (168) 190-196 Gonadal Impairment in roach Rutilus rutilus from Finnish Coastal Area of the Northern Baltic Sea Tom Wiklund, Laura Lounasheimo, Jim Lom, Goran Bylund Inter Research 1996, Vol. 26, 163-171
...zebra mussel’s optimal temperature can effect their reproductive cycle. When the temperature of the water reaches about 13°C, the zebra mussels being their reproduction in Lake Erie. The eggs get fertilized when both the eggs and the sperm are released into the water, which then, develop into free-floating larvae called veligers. The larvae are carried by water currents, which allows them to expand their distribution. For about 10-15 days, the larvae are in the planktonic stage. After this stage, the veligers seek for a place of attachment and attach by using elastic fibers known as byssal threads. The point where mussels start to form their shells is known as the settling phase. If the temperature of the water is heated beyond their optimal temperature, then the zebra mussels will be under anaerobic conditions and will be halted from their process of reproduction.
The procedures for this experiment are those that are referred to in Duncan and Townsend, 1996 p9-7. In our experiment however, each student group chose a temperature of either 5 C, 10 C, 15 C, or 20 C. Each group selected a crayfish, and placed it in an erlenmeyer flask filled with distilled water. The flask’s O2 levels had already been measured. the flask was then placed in a water bath of the selected temperature for thirty minutes, and then the O2 levels were measured again.
The fisheries management of the Lake Annecy stocked Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus fingerlings from different origins to improve the its catches.Different origions of stocked fish includes included catching progeny of wild spawning Arctic char from Lake Annecy and rearing the juveniles in the hatchery at Lake Annecy,, juveniles produced in a hatchery on Lake Geneva from eggs from wild fish in Lake Geneva, or using juveniles of a brood stock reared in the INRA research hatchery on Lake Geneva. The effectiveness of stocking, growth and dispersal after release of fingerlings of Arctic char from these different origins were studied for the fish stocked in 1997. Another experiment was start in 2001, to confirm the previous results on effectiveness and growth. The growth of wild Arctic char were not very much different from hatchery reared stock. The portion of wild fish in the catches is 50%. Juveniles produced from INRA captive brood stock were found more effective in the catch and also showed wider dispersal after stocking. Mean effectiveness of stocking is 14 %.
...ank you have to make sure that the right temperature stays in the tank because if the water gets to hot they wont really have a place to go too, so they could end up over heating and could die. It is also important to have the right type of food for them as well. They like to eat worms, squid, and sometimes other fish.
Materials and Methods Materials 2 trials worth of materials were prepared for this experiment. 400ml of fish water from the fish water carboy were poured into each of the 2 beakers. Also, 2 new goldfishes were collected for each trial and were placed into one of the fish water beakers. In other words, for the first trial, a set of 2 goldfishes were subjected to both the control and the experimental condition. Then, for the second trial, a new set of 2 goldfishes were subjected to another set of control and experimental conditions.
The genetic manipulation of salmon begins with the selection of the highest quality eggs and milt (sperm). When the non-transgenic female brood stock matures fully, it is massaged to extrude unfertilised eggs (green eggs). Then, the milt from male Atlantic salmon that carry the AAS transgene is added. This transgene allows for increased and all-year round growth of fish. After this process, the eggs are then pressure shocked to induce sterility to ensure they do not reproduce again. Lastly, these fertilised eggs are placed in an incubator until they can be shipped to where they grow and develop.
Woums, J., and L. Demski. 1993. Reproduction and Development of Sharks, Skates, Rays and Ratfishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 38(1): 270.
There is additional evidence of negative environmental impact with the use of nuclear energy. There is a risk of water contamination with radioactive material from nuclear power plants. The leaking of material has been reported to occur at over a dozen nuclear plants in the U.S. This has contaminated various water sources, including ground water, rivers and streams (examiner.com). In 2011 when an earthquake occurred in Taiwan and generated a tsunami that struck a nuclear power pl...
A selection of primitive fish regulated in diversity due to constant climate change in the sea. Primitive fish are adapted to their general occurrence by converging to low temperate increased by activity in high temperature. This is the result of a natural selection of fish branching off into different species. “Acclimatization has been identified in many invertebrate animals from both high and low latitudes by laboratory acclimation of individual invertebrates has not been much studied.” (Evolutionary biology) Due to their enzyme activities, and feedback mechanisms depending on the environment that fish reside in, its way of coping with temperature change. During ecological expansion, most fish change life cycles of primitive fishes. (Evolutionary
... any environment but in the deep sea the fish have had to evolve immensely just to survive.
Rockfishes have a life cycle that is similar to many other marine fishes because they are biphasic. Due to rockfishes having two different life stages they are slow growing, and late to mature, which leads to a relatively high lifetime expectancy. (Haldorson and Love, 1991). The age of rockfishes varies between species and by latitude (Haldorson and Love, 1991). Rockfishes age at maturity is commonly about 50% of the adult length. Sexually mature rockfishes have a high fecundity rate, which varies between species. (Love et al., 2002). Rockfishes have internal fertilization, making them viviparous marine fish. The developing larvae remain internally for several weeks after hatching (Kendal and Lenarz, 1986). Once released, larvae float to the
Salmon is a unique fish since it hatches in freshwater only to migrate to saltwater to live. After a while, though, schools of salmon return their exact place of hatching in order to spawn. During spawning, female salmon deposit their eggs for the lifecycle to begin once
Studies on reproductive behaviour of fish are important and a basic requirement for improvement and effective fishery resources management and conservation (Ali & Kadir, 1996; Ezenwaji et al., 1998; Brewer et al., 2008; Grandcourt et al., 2009), determination of basic life-history information and for assessing the impacts of environmental variability on the dynamics of fish populations (Schlosser, 1990). Information on the reproductive system is essential for the development of the commercial aquaculture of an aquatic species (Muchlisin, 2004). Natural challenge leads the fish to the maximization of the lifetime production of offspring, and more importantly to maximization of survivorship of offspring until adulthood (Murua & Sabodiro-Rey, 2003). Herein, we reviewed some aspects of reproductive biology of fishes such as reproductive strategy, fecundity and spawning frequency.
...ner [11]. Mature male Atlantic salmon are affected by atrazine with a significant reduction of 11-KT. male sex steroid metabolism seems to be disrupted by atrazine exposure [23]. However, only limited information is available on the effect of atrazine on VTG production, aromatase activity and sex hormone levels in fish. Hence, fish can be used as experimental models in studies of endocrine disruption effects and also can serve as an early-warning signal. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to elucidate the effects of atrazine on plasma and gonadal hormones, Gonadosomatic index and hepatosomatic index in Poecilia sphenops. Further the present study probe on sensitive markers like vitellogenin and aromatase in fish Poecilia sphenops. The information obtained may be useful to explore the potential biomarkers for atrazine biomonitoring in aquatic environments.
... size classes and grading to reduce aggressive behavioral interactions. Keeping nets and cages clean can support positive water flow to reduce the risk of water degradation. Not surprisingly disease and parasitism can have a major effect on fish welfare and it is important for farmers not only to manage infected stock but also to apply disease prevention measures. However, prevention methods, such as vaccination, can also induce stress because of the extra handling and injection. Many steps are involved in transport, including capture, food deprivation to reduce fecal infection of transport water, transfer to transport vehicle through nets or pumps, plus the process of transporting and transfer to the location of delivery. During transport, the water needs to be maintained to a high quality, with controlled temperature, appropriate oxygen and minimal waste products.