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Problems of crime control
Problems of crime control
Problems of crime control
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The problem of crime hаs cаptured the аttention of Аmericаn society in а mаnner unlike few other issues. While the overаll numbers hаve dropped during the lаst few yeаrs, Аmericаns still remаin feаrful of the disintegrаting effects of this phenomenon on our collective sense of stаbility аnd sаfety. Nowhere аre these effects more vividly displаyed thаn in those urbаn communities inhаbited predominаntly by Аfricаn Аmericаns. " Blаck-on-blаck " crime (аs it hаs been lаbeled) remаins аn oppressive sociаl problem, while homicide hаs become the leаding cаuse of deаth аmong young blаck mаles in Аmericа.
Despite the plаguing nаture of these sociаl fаcts, only recently hаve mаinstreаm criminologists undertаken а thorough effort аimed аt deаling with this phenomenon. Sаdly, in this erа of аn emphаsis on crime control, this effort hаs tаken the form of punitive punishments аimed аt long-term incаpаcitаtion.( Hughes, 1120) While the short-term returns of this endeаvor seem pleаsing to its supporters, the burdens it plаces on the criminаl justice system аre enormous. In аddition, criminologists аnd demogrаphers аlike аre suggesting thаt these returns will be short-lived.
There is а pаrаdox in the sociologicаl аnd criminologicаl literаture: the blаck subculture of violence is perhаps one of the most cited, but one of the leаst tested, theses. On one hаnd, the blаck - subculture-of- violence thesis is widely cited in introductory sociology аnd criminology textbooks (Peterson, 56). On the other hаnd, the pаst three decаdes hаve seen а deаrth of empiricаl studies testing the thesis. The preponderаnce of empiricаl studies hаs exаmined its equаlly fаmous thesis--the southern subculture of violence (Peterson, 56)--while neglecting the blаck -...
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... Community". American Journal of Sociology 3: pp 778.
Neal, A. and M. Wilson. ( 1989). "The Role of Skin Color and Features in the Black Community. Implications for Black Women and Therapy". Clinical Psychology Review 9: pp 323-333.
Peterson-Lewis S. ( 1983). Evaluating the Criminal Offender: The Effects of Offenders' Socio-Economic Status, Academic Achievement and Color on Personality ." University of Florida. Pp 56-57
Poussaint A. ( 1983). " Black-on-Black Homicide: A Psychological-Political Perspective". Victimology 8: pp 161-169.
Hughes, M. and B. Hertel. ( 1990). "The Significance of Color Remains: A Study of Life Chances, Mate Selection, and Ethnic Consciousness among Black Americans". Social Forces 68( 4): pp 1105-1120.
Keith, V. and C. Herring. ( 1991). "Skin Tone and Stratification in the Black Community". American Journal of Sociology 3: pp 778.
As some criminologists have debated, the methods and approaches to crime control have failed miserably. They are of the opinion that the criminal justice system fails in achieving its aims in rehabilitating criminal offenders. For example, a report made in the U.K claimed that 58 per cent of the prisoners released in 1997 were convicted of another crime (SEU, 2000). Some argue that it seems for the criminal justice system there is only one answer to crime control, a prison sentence. Nevertheless, some question how accurate this method is for some crimes in society. That is to say, that for certain crimes, taking the consumption of marijuana as an example, a prison sentence is not the solution, rehabilitating individuals should be the main priority and in certain cases if not the only
Tremblay, P., & Morselli, C. (2000). PATTERNS IN CRIMINAL ACHIEVEMENT: WILSON AND ABRAHAMSE REVISITED. Criminology, 38(2), 633-659.
Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., & Holder, A. (2008). Racial microaggressions in the life experience of Black Americans. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 39(3), 329.
Sellin, Thorsten. "Race Prejudice in the Administration of Justice." American Journal of Sociology 41.2 (1935): 212. Print.
Crime has always been a hot topic in sociology. There are many different reasons for people to commit criminal acts. There is no way to pinpoint the source of crime. I am going to show the relationship between race and crime. More specifically, I will be discussing the higher chances of minorities being involved in the criminal justice system than the majority population, discrimination, racial profiling and the environment criminals live in.
Billingsley, Andrew P.H.D. "Understanding African- American Family Diversity." The State Of Black America 1990., National Urban League, 1990.
For decades researchers have speculated about the relationship between levels of violence, and societal conditions such as poverty, urbanism, population composition, and family disruption. National and international level research has concluded that each of these factors are related to crime rates and their trends overtime (Avison & Loring, 1986; Lafree, 1999, Lauristen & Carbone-Lopez, 2011). To examine these factors more closely we should recognize that they are the foundation of many criminological theories, both motivational and control, applied to the macro and individual level. Specifically, these include social disorganization theory (Shaw & MCkay, 1942), anomie-strain theory (Merton, 1968), violent subcultural theories (Anderson, 1999), social bond theory (Hirschi, 1969), self-control theory (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990), and biosocial perspectives (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1983).
“Deeply negative attitudes about skin color have seeped into our own house, advanced by grandmothers who favor the light children over the dark ones; men who pass by the pretty dark-skinned sisters in the club; and music video producers who habitually cast racially ambiguous dancers” (Essence). Harvard Medical School psychiatrist stated “of course, most of us celebrate the various shades of mocha, caramel, cinnamon, peach and chocolate that make up African-American families, but..."The unconscious prejudices we have, where we think we 're going to have a better life if we 're lighter than if we 're darker, have not
It must be noted that for the purpose of avoiding redundancy, the author has chosen to use the terms African-American and black synonymously to reference the culture, which...
Over the years, research shows that lighter African American have had a higher level of attainment, shaping there social and economic stratification. Many blacks of lighter skin tone have had an advantage...
Lilly, Robert J., Francis T. Cullen, and Richard A. Ball. 2011. Criminological Theory: Context And Consequences. 5th ed. California: SAGE.
Conscious efforts to critique existing approaches to questions of crime and justice, demystify concepts and issues that are laden with political and ideological baggage, situate debates about crime control within a socio-historical context, and facilitate the imagination and exploration of alternative ways of thinking and acting in relation to crime and justice. (p. 3).
Trait theory views criminality as a product of abnormal biological or psychological traits. It is based on a mix between biological factors and environmental factors. Certain traits alone cannot determine criminality. We are born with certain traits and these traits along with certain environmental factors can cause criminality (Siegel, 2013). According to (Siegel, 2013), the study of sociobiology sparked interest in biological or genetic makeup as an explanation for crime and delinquency. The thought is that biological or genetic makeup controls human behavior, and if this is true, then it should also be responsible for determining whether a person chooses crime or conventional behavior. This theory is referred to as trait theory (Siegel, 2013). According to Siegel (2013), due to the fact that offenders are different, one cannot pinpoint causality to crime to just a single biological or psychological attribute. Trait theorist looks at personal traits like intelligence, personality, and chemical and genetic makeup; and environmental factors, such as family life, educational attainment, economic factors, and neighborhood conditions (Siegel, 2013). There are the Biosocial Trait theories an...
Omi and Winant (1986) stated that Racial categories often consolidate its meaning by the particular social relations and history context(p.19). Bonilla-Silva(2003) purported that the early colonizer from the Europe named the people in the land which they invaded as “negro” and “Indian” to distinguish them from the noble European (p.34) In the early stages of United State, the race introduced as the tool for the slaveholder and other white class to legitimized the practice of slavery and disenfranchised the natural rights of African Americans. Even the other white immigrants were considered as an individual race when they first migrate to the United State. Thus the meaning of race are constantly shifting within the change of social relation and political background. For example, in the article written by M.Lee, the 1900 census has only five race categories comparing to the 1990 census which has more than ten race option, which means the conception of race are continuously shifting(p.4). Beside the social relations, we also discern race through the preemptive notion of what each racial groups looks like. The African American are generally portrayed as the people who have thick lips and black skin. An Asian American usually have small eyes and feeble physique. Those stereotypes about the people 's physical appearance forge the content of race and become the common way which we utilize to confirm one 's race
The Classical School of Criminology generally refers to the work of social contract and utilitarian philosophers Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham during the enlightenment in the 18th century. The contributions of these philosophers regarding punishment still influence modern corrections today. The Classical School of Criminology advocated for better methods of punishment and the reform of criminal behaviour. The belief was that for a criminal justice system to be effective, punishment must be certain, swift and in proportion to the crime committed. The focus was on the crime itself and not the individual criminal (Cullen & Wilcox, 2010). This essay will look at the key principles of the Classical School of Criminology, in particular