Missing Figures
The purpose of this paper is to describe and explain the properties of ferrofluids. Imagine the applications of a liquid substance that can be controlled at a distance by a magnetic force. To create such a liquid is not as simple as liquefying a magnetic solid. Magnetic solids lose their magnetic properties at the temperature above the Curie temperature of the substance. At that temperature thermal energy overwhelms the tendency of the electrons to align in regions of similar spins. The Curie temperature is well below the melting point of all normal magnetic solids. (Verschuur, 1993) Ferrofluids overcome this obstacle. They are colloidal suspension of magnetic nanoscale magnetic material in a liquid carrier. This gives the Ferrofluid the properties of normal liquids, but allows the entire liquid to be manipulated to an applied magnetic field. (Berger, 1999)
In the 1960?s Stephen Pappell with NASA developed ferrofluids to address the problem of controlling fluids in the zero gravity environment of space. (Verschuur, 1993) Ferrofluids were originally used by the space program to create leak proof seals in satellites. The commercial applications were later recognized. A ferrofluid can behave as a liquid O-ring where a rotating shaft enters either a low- or high-pressure chamber. The ferrofluid is held in place by permanent magnets and form tight seals, eliminating most of the friction produced in a conventional mechanical seal. Rotating shaft seals are found in rotating anode X-ray generators and in vacuum chambers used in the semiconductor industry. Ferrofluid seals are also used in high-speed computer disk drives to eliminate harmful dust particles or other impurities that can cause the sensitive data-reading ...
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Ionic liquids (ILs) are liquids composed entirely of ions. Molten salt is the term normally reserved for those systems that are liquid at high temperatures, for example NaCl (table salt is a liquid at ≈ 800 0C). Room-temperature ILs are liquid below 100˚C, have received considerable attention as substitutes for volatile organic solvents. Due to their remarkable properties, such as negligible vapour pressure, large liquidous range, high thermal stability, good ionic conductivity, high electrochemical stability, they are considered favourable medium candidates for chemical syntheses. ILs are usually categorized into four types based on their cation segment: 1) alkylammonium-, 2) dialkylimidazolium-, 3) phosphonium- and 4) N-alkylpyridiniumbased ILs (Figure 1). Ionic liquids are generally composed of a bulky organic cation, such 1-butyl-3 methylimidazolium and typically an inorganic anion such as a halide. Below are the chemical structures of some common cations and anions used to make ILs.
Cox-Foster, D. L., Conlan, S., Holmes, E. C., Palacios, G., Evans, J. D., Moran, N. A.,…
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Ornstein, R., Rosen, D., Mammel, K., Callahan, S., Forman, S., Jay, M., Fisher, M., Rome, E., &
Hill, T.F., & Nabors, L.A., & Reynolds, M.W., & Wallace, J., & Weist, M.D. (2001). The
Pichert, J. W., Moore, I. N., Catron, T. F., Ross, J. C., Westlake, M. W., Karrass, J.,
Dr. H.L. Bansal points out that the body contains approximately 4-5 grams of iron; in the blood, in a part called hemoglobin, and in muscles, in a part called myoglobin. Using a magnet increases the movement of hemoglobin, which also accelerates blood flow. While the blood flow increases, deposits alongside blood vessels are decreased and eventually vanish. Making these deposits vanish causes blood to flow smoothly also decrease your risk for high blood pressure (http://home.
The topic of magnetic disks is one that involves many physics related phenomenon. The intricate structure and design of “Magnetic Disks” (or hard disks) in computers include the principles of Fluid Flow, Rotational Motion, Electromagnetism, and more. This paper will focus mainly on the previously listed physics occurrences, and the design that goes into engineering the magnetic disk to include them. These physics principles are utilized in such a way that makes the hard disk a very common and useful tool, in this day and age. To most people, the magnetic disk is the most important, yet most mysterious, part of a computer system. A hard disk is a seal unit that holds computer data in the form of magnetic patterns.