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Essay on global terrorism
Impact on terrorism in the world
Essay on global terrorism
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1 INTRODUCTION
In this essay, I will focus on the key features of the global threat of terrorism and also discuss how the world was changing the last decades while dealing with this issue. In addition, I will highlight the most important current developments concerning to this topic. To give the paper a clear structure, I will divide the topic into six sections, which will be an introduction, the dimensions boundaries, locations, flows, events and finally a conclusion with an overview of the information.
First of all there should be a definition about the topic. However, this is not that easy as it seems to be. In the discussion about this kind of issue neither in politics nor in academics a consistent terminology exists. Furthermore, also the interpretation of the term ‘Terrorism’ is subjective. On the one hand, sympathisers to terrorist causes argue that the act of aggression including violence is the only opportunity to draw attention on ideologies they are representing (cf. Kiras 2011, 366). On the other hand, counter terrorists are trying to fight against them and created the so called ‘War on Terror’.
The phrase ‘Violence’ used in the paragraph above is not the only key characteristic of terrorism. Bruce Hoffman, a specialist in the study of terrorism from Georgetown University, outlined some more. He proposes that, “terrorism, in the most widely accepted contemporary of the term, is fundamentally and inherently political” (Hoffman 2006, 10). Further arguments are that it has to be a planned, systematic act where violence and power are the keys to success (cf. ibid.).
2 BOUNDARIES
Terrorism is usually based on some kind of ideology and motivation of a group or an individual who wants to provoke political change (cf. Kiras 2...
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...urity Strategy and Transatlantic Relations, Milton Park: Routledge.
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Phillips, A. (2010) ‘Transnational Terrorism’, in M. Beeson and N. Bisley (eds), Issues in 21st centuries world politics, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Sagemann, M. ‘New terrorism in the western world?‘, Nato Review Magazine.
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Wald, M. L. ‘As Worries Over the Power Grid Rise, a Drill Will Simulate a Knockout Blow’, The New York Times, 16 August 2013.
URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/17/us/as-worries-over-the-power-grid-rise-a-drill-will-simulate-a-knockout-blow.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1& [21 November 2013]
Categorical terrorism, according to Jeff Goodwin, is defined as “the strategic use of violence and threats of violence, usually intended to influence several audiences, by oppositional political groups against civilian or noncombatants who belong to a specific entity, religious or national group, social class or some other collectivity, without regard to their individual identities or roles.” More so, in terms of definition, according to a study done by Jeffrey Record in 2003, there was a count of over 109 definitions of terrorism, covering 22 different categorical elements. During the 70s and 80s, the United Nations struggled to define the term, finally coming up with the following definition: “Criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public, a group of persons or particular persons for political purposes are in any circumstance unjustifiable, whatever the considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or any other nature that may be invoked to justify them.”
Schweitzer, Y., & Shay, S. (2003). The globalization of terror: The challenge of al-qaida and the response of the international community. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
Over the past century, terrorism has advanced from random killings to enormous plans for terrorist groups. To understand terrorism, you must first define it. Terrorism as we all know it is hard to define and understand, and has many different definitions as it is used widely. The word "terrorism" stems from the word "terror", which means to instill fear in. People become terrorists when they take the actions towards instilling fear and terror upon people to prove a certain point or agenda.
Many analysts, researchers, and professors have tried to define the purpose of terrorism. Some believe that can only be achieved when we know how the mind of a terrorist works. The Encyclopedia Britannica describes terrorism as, “The systematic use of violence or threat of violence by organized groups to achieve specific goals. Terrorist activities may be directed against individuals, organizations or governments. Terrorism is employed by radical groups to obtain concessions from established governments, such as a change in policies unfavorable to them or the release of imprisoned members of their organizations…” (Encyclopedia Britannica. “Terrorism” 1987 T-169)
In Module one, I learned that terrorism is a result of physical harm or deadly acts of force with the intent of a political outcome by the use of terror for coercion. There are various types of terrorism such as international terrorism and domestic terrorism. International terrorism occurs outside of the United States with a purpose to influence the policy of a government by intimidation. International and Domestic terrorism both involve violent acts dangerous to human life that violate federal and state laws. Domestic terrorism occurs within the United States with the intention of coercion or intimidation by way of mass destruction, etc. Some forms of terrorism include Improvised explosive devices (IED), kidnappings, suicide bombings and
Terrorism has been around for centuries and religion-based violence has been around just as long. (Hoffman, 2). The violence was never referred to as terrorism though. Only up to the nineteenth century has religion been able to justify terrorism (Hoffman, 2). Since then, religious terrorism became motivated and inspired by the ideological view (Hoffman, 3). Therefore, it has turned against the main focus of religion and more towards the views of the extremist and what is happening politically (Winchester, 4).
Terrorism is defined as the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments of societies in the pursuit of gals that are generally political, religious, or ideological by The United States Department of Defense("Terrorism research-what is," ). Terrorism can be classified in two different categories: International terrorism; not within the United States Jurisdiction and Domestic terrorism; within the United States Jurisdiction.
The threat of global terrorism continues to rise with the total number of deaths reaching 32,685 in 2015, which is an 80 percent increase from 2014 (Global Index). With this said, terrorism remains a growing, and violent phenomenon that has dominated global debates. However, ‘terrorism’ remains a highly contested term; there is no global agreement on exactly what constitutes a terror act. An even more contested concept is whether to broaden the scope of terrorism to include non-state and state actors.
The U.S. Department of State defines terrorism as, “The calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological”. Whereas the Belgium Red Cross says that terrorism is committed “for the purpose of intimidating the population, forcing a third party to act or destablishing or destroying the fundamental structures of a country or of an international organization”.
EPRI PEAC Corporation Electricity blackout is also known as power cut, power blackout or power failure. Mike Jacobs, the senior energy analyst for the climate and energy program, did the survey on 13 of the largest electricity blackouts in history. 7 properties which are required for the smart grid to meet future demands as per the U.S. Department of Energy: attack resistance, self-healing, consumer motivation, power quality, generation and storage accommodation, enabling markets, and asset optimization[13]. A comprehensive approach to cyber physical systems must be utilized to understand security concerns within the grid. This approach is utilized because it appropriately quantify attack impacts and evaluates effectiveness of countermeasures[14].
Hutchinson, Steven, and Pat O’Malley. "A Crime–Terror Nexus? Thinking on Some of the Links between Terrorism and Criminality." Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 30.12 (2007): 1095-107.
The word terrorism was first used during the French Revolution from the reign of terror inflicted by the French from 1784-1804 ("International Affairs"). It was used to describe the violent acts perpetrated on the French that inflicted terror on the various peoples and instilled fear within them. However, at the time it had a more positive connotation than the term that instills fear today. During the French Revolution this was because it referred to state-sponsored terrorism in order to show the need of state instead of anarchy, sometimes promoted by other groups (Hoffman 2). Therefore, even though terrorism has taken a new nature, terrorism can refer to official governments or guerrilla groups operating outside national governments ("International Affairs"). In order to encompass terrorism’s various sectors and explain it to the public, in both positive and negative aspects, many analysts have tried to put it into a few words. Terrorism is a method used by tightly of loosely organized groups operation within states or international territories that are systematic in using deliberate acts of violence or threats in order to instill...
Terrorism is one of the most extensively discussed issues of our time and at the same time it is also one of the least understood. The term itself “terrorism” means many different things to different people, cultures, and races. As a result, trying to define or classify terrorism with one universal definition is nearly impossible. The definition of terrorism used in this research is a reflection of much of the Western and American way of defining it. The definition of terrorism is,
In this world there are many different topics of controversy. With every controversial topic comes different views and arguments explaining why people believe what they do. There are problems that can be just within one country or throughout the entire world. Terrorism affects everyone in the world, specifically us as Americans, which is why it is one of the biggest controversial topics. Of course with a topic as big as terrorism, there are emic and etic perspectives involved. With past history, there are specific countries and religions that we think of when we hear the word terrorism, specifically Afghanistan, located in the Middle East and the Muslim religion in that general area. Being part of the American
Terrorism has a tremendous impact on society. It is a rational act of violence and its purpose is to change behavior in a specific society. Terrorism is a political act that is meant to achieve a goal through the act of violence. The nature of terrorism is the nonselective targeting of individuals or a group in society with a goal. The intentions of